Editing Peter Kropotkin (section)

=== Exile ===

Kropotkin associated with the Jura Federation and began editing its publication.{{sfn|Osofsky|1979|pp=38–39}} There he met [[Ukrainian Jewish]] student [[Sophie Kropotkin]], and the two were married in 1878.{{sfn|Osofsky|1979|p=39}} In 1879, he started ''[[Le Révolté]]'', a revolutionary fortnightly, in Geneva that published his personal articulation of [[anarchist communism]], the idea of distributing work product communally based on need rather than by work.{{sfn|Osofsky|1979|pp=14, 39}} He became the philosophy's most prominent proponent,  despite not creating it. The philosophy became part of the Jura program in 1880 at Kropotkin's advocacy. ''Le Révolté'' also published Kropotkin's best known pamphlet, "An Appeal to the Young", in 1880.{{sfn|Osofsky|1979|p=39}} 

Switzerland expelled Kropotkin at Russia's behest after the [[assassination of Alexander II]] in early 1881. He moved to [[Thonon-les-Bains]], [[French Third Republic|France]], near Geneva, so that his wife could finish her Swiss education. Upon learning that the Holy League, a tsarist group, intended to kill him for his alleged association with the assassination, he moved to London, but could only bear to live there for a year.{{sfn|Osofsky|1979|p=39}} Upon his return in late 1882, the French arrested him for agitation, partly to appease Russia. He was sentenced to five years in [[Lyons]]. In early 1883, he was transferred to the [[Clairvaux Prison]], where he continued his academic work. A public campaign of intellectuals and French legislators called for his release. Reclus published ''Words of a Rebel'', a compilation of Kropotkin's ''Révolté'' writings while he was in prison, which became a main source of Kropotkin's thoughts on revolution. As Kropotkin's health worsened from [[scurvy]] and [[malaria]], France released him in early 1886.{{sfn|Osofsky|1979|p=40}} He would stay in England through 1917, settling in [[Harrow, London]], apart from brief trips to other European countries.{{sfn|Osofsky|1979|pp=40–41}}

In London in late 1886, he co-founded ''[[Freedom (British newspaper)|Freedom]]'', an anarchist monthly and the first English anarchist periodical, which he continued to support for almost three decades.{{sfn|Osofsky|1979|pp=14, 41}} His first and only child, [[Alexandra Kropotkin]], was born the next year. He published multiple books over the next coming years including ''In Russian and French Prisons'' and ''The Conquest of Bread''.{{sfn|Osofsky|1979|p=14}} His intellectual circle in London included [[William Morris]] and [[W. B. Yeats]] as well as old Russian friends [[Sergey Stepnyak-Kravchinsky]] and [[Nikolai Tchaikovsky]]. Kropotkin contributed to the ''Geographical Journal'' and ''Nature''.{{sfn|Osofsky|1979|p=41}}

After 1890, according to biographers [[George Woodcock]] and [[Ivan Avakumović]], Kropotkin became more of a scholarly recluse and less of a propagandist. His works' revolutionary zeal subsided as he turned to social, ethical, and scientific questions. He joined the [[British Association for the Advancement of Science]]. He continued to contribute to ''Freedom'' but was no longer an editor.{{sfn|Osofsky|1979|p=44}}

Several of Kropotkin's books began as journal articles. His writings on anarchist communist social life were printed in the French successor to ''Le Révolté'' and later revised into ''The Conquest of Bread'' in 1892. Kropotkin's writings on decentralizing production and industry against the countervailing trend of centralized industrialization were compiled into his ''[[Fields, Factories, and Workshops]]'' in 1899.{{sfn|Osofsky|1979|p=42}} His research throughout the 1890s on the animal instinct for cooperation as a counterpoint to [[Darwinism]] became a series of articles in ''Nineteenth Century'' and, later, the book ''Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution'', which was widely translated.{{sfn|Osofsky|1979|pp=42–43}}

Following a scientific congress in [[Toronto]] in 1897, Kropotkin toured Canada. His experience there led him to advise the Russian [[Doukhobors]] who sought to immigrate there. He helped facilitate their emigration in 1899.{{sfn|Osofsky|1979|p=44}} Kropotkin entered the United States and met [[John Most]], [[Emma Goldman]], and [[Benjamin Tucker]]. American publishers published his ''Memoirs of a Revolutionist'' and ''Fields, Factories, and Workshops'' by the end of the decade.{{sfn|Osofsky|1979|p=14}} He visited the United States again in 1901 at the invitation of the [[Lowell Institute]] to give lectures on Russian literature that were later published.{{sfn|Osofsky|1979|p=15}}<!-- encourages dropping anticonscription stance; supports strengthening France's military against German military in 1905--> He published ''The Great French Revolution'' (1909), ''The Terror in Russia'' (1909), and ''Modern Science and Anarchism'' (1913). His 70th birthday in 1912 had celebratory gatherings in London and Paris.{{sfn|Osofsky|1979|p=15}}

Kropotkin's support for Western entry into World War I, siding with Britain and France, divided the anarchist movement, which had been anti-war, and damaged his esteem as a luminary of socialism.<!--called "chauvinist" by Lenin for "defensist" stance--> He exacerbated this by insisting, with returning to Russia, that Russians support the war as well.{{sfn|Osofsky|1979|pp=15, 18}}