Editing Peritonitis (section)

==Causes==
===Infection===
* [[Gastrointestinal perforation|Perforation of part of the gastrointestinal tract]] is the most common cause of peritonitis. Examples include perforation of the distal [[esophagus]] ([[Boerhaave syndrome]]), of the [[stomach]] ([[peptic ulcer]], [[gastric carcinoma]]), of the [[duodenum]] (peptic ulcer), of the remaining [[intestine]] (e.g., appendicitis, diverticulitis, [[Meckel diverticulum]], [[inflammatory bowel disease]] (IBD), [[Bowel infarction|intestinal infarction]], intestinal strangulation, [[colorectal carcinoma]], [[meconium peritonitis]]), or of the [[gallbladder]] ([[cholecystitis]]). Other possible reasons for perforation include [[abdominal trauma]], ingestion of a sharp [[foreign body]] (such as a fish bone, toothpick or glass shard), perforation by an [[endoscope]] or [[catheter]], and [[anastomosis|anastomotic]] leakage. The latter occurrence is particularly difficult to diagnose early, as abdominal pain and ileus paralyticus are considered normal in people who have just undergone [[abdominal surgery]]. In most cases of perforation of a hollow viscus, mixed [[bacteria]] are isolated; the most common agents include [[Gram-negative]] [[bacilli]] (e.g., ''[[Escherichia coli]]'') and [[anaerobic bacteria]] (e.g., ''[[Bacteroides fragilis]]''). Faecal peritonitis results from the presence of [[faeces]] in the peritoneal cavity.  It can result from abdominal trauma and occurs if the [[large bowel]] is perforated during surgery.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peritonitis/basics/causes/con-20032165 | title=Peritonitis - Symptoms and causes | work=Mayo Clinic | access-date=July 2, 2016 | archive-date=September 22, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922070545/http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peritonitis/basics/causes/con-20032165 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* Disruption of the peritoneum, even in the absence of perforation of a hollow viscus, may also cause infection simply by letting [[micro-organisms]] into the peritoneal cavity. Examples include [[physical trauma|trauma]], [[surgical wound]], continuous ambulatory [[peritoneal dialysis]], and intra-peritoneal [[chemotherapy]]. Again, in most cases, mixed [[bacteria]] are isolated; the most common agents include cutaneous species such as ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'', and [[coagulase]]-negative [[staphylococci]], but many others are possible, including [[fungi]] such as ''[[Candida (fungus)|Candida]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Uncommon causes of peritonitis in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis |vauthors=Arfania D, Everett ED, Nolph KD, Rubin J | journal=Archives of Internal Medicine | year=1981 | volume=141 | issue=1 | pages=61–64 | doi=10.1001/archinte.141.1.61 | pmid=7004371}}</ref>
* [[Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis]] (SBP) is a peculiar form of peritonitis occurring in the absence of an obvious source of contamination. It occurs in people with [[ascites]], including children.
* Intra-peritoneal dialysis predisposes to peritoneal infection (sometimes named "primary peritonitis" in this context).
* Systemic infections (such as [[tuberculosis]]) may rarely have a peritoneal localisation.
* [[Pelvic inflammatory disease]]<ref name="Sternak">{{cite journal|last1=Ljubin-Sternak|first1=Suncanica|last2=Mestrovic|first2=Tomislav|title=Review: Chlamydia trachonmatis and Genital Mycoplasmias: Pathogens with an Impact on Human Reproductive Health|journal=Journal of Pathogens|date=2014|volume=2014|issue=183167|pages=183167|doi=10.1155/2014/183167|pmid=25614838|pmc=4295611|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Non-infection===
* Leakage of [[sterilization (microbiology)|sterile]] body fluids into the peritoneum, such as [[blood]] (e.g., [[endometriosis]], [[blunt abdominal trauma]]), [[gastric juice]] (e.g., peptic ulcer, [[gastric carcinoma]]), [[bile]] (e.g., [[liver biopsy]]), [[urine]] (pelvic trauma), [[menstruum]] (e.g., [[salpingitis]]), [[pancreatic juice]] ([[pancreatitis]]), or even the contents of a ruptured [[dermoid cyst]]. While these [[body fluid]]s are sterile at first, they frequently become infected once they leak out of their organ, leading to infectious peritonitis within 24 to 48 hours.
* Sterile abdominal surgery, under normal circumstances, causes localised or minimal generalised peritonitis, which may leave behind a [[foreign body reaction]] or fibrotic [[adhesion (medicine)|adhesion]]s. However, peritonitis may also be caused by the rare case of a [[sterile technique|sterile]] foreign body inadvertently left in the abdomen after [[surgery]] (e.g., [[gauze]], [[sponge]]).
* Much rarer non-infectious causes may include [[familial Mediterranean fever]], [[TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome]], [[porphyria]], and [[systemic lupus erythematosus]].

===Risk factors===
* Previous history of peritonitis
* History of alcoholism
* Liver disease
* Fluid accumulation in the abdomen
* Weakened immune system
* Pelvic inflammatory disease