Editing Performance poetry (section)

==The 1970s and after==
{{Original research|section|date=January 2016}}By the 1970s, three main forms of poetry performance had emerged. First was the poetry reading, at which poems that had been written for the page were read to an audience, usually by the author. Poetry readings have become widespread and poetry festivals and reading series are now part of the cultural landscape of most Western societies. However, most people would not consider the poetry readings of this type as part of the performance poetry phenomena.

This leaves two types of poetry performance: poems written specifically for performance on the [[Jerome Rothenberg]] model and poems like those of [[David Antin]] that are composed during performance. Both these types would generally be considered to constitute performance poetry. Another type based on the Beat method of reading their print poems is poetry with music. The bands with performance poets make spoken vocals an exercise in not singing, but the texts are not categorized as songs. While Ginsberg sang his Blake songs with a harmonium, the original practitioner of this third and most popular type of performance poetry is [[Hedwig Gorski]], who coined the term performance poetry to describe her work with music. She is sometimes called a neo-beat, but considers herself an American "[[futurist]]". Unlike the [[Beat generation|Beats]], Ginsberg and Kerouac, her poems were written for performance with music that was specifically composed for the poems. Her spoken vocals have come as close to singing as possible without really singing. That is the key to Gorski's performance poetry: the marriage of poetry to music written specifically to fit poems written for vocal performance.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://eastofedenband.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017123017/https://sites.google.com/site/eastofedenband/|archive-date=2020-10-17|title=E a s t o f E d e n B a n d|access-date=2023-08-09}}</ref> The other type of performance poetry Gorski practiced is without music and tied to [[conceptual art]], but that was at appearances in smaller venues that could not accommodate her band.<ref>Documented in JAST during an interview with Robert Creeley on TV, ''Austin Chronicle'', and {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100102114001/http://hedwiggorski.com/ hedwiggorski.com]}}</ref>  Unlike Antin and Cormin, Gorski never improvised text but wrote poetry only for performance while eschewing printed poetry.

[[File:A poet and a few enraptured fans.jpg|173px|thumbnail|right|A poet with a few enraptured fans]]
In the U. S., the rise to prominence of the [[language poets]] with their distrust of speech as a basis for poetry has, broadly speaking, meant that performance poetry went out of fashion with the ''[[avant-garde]]''. However, the increasing popularity of open mics, which allow "unknown" poets to take the stage and share their own work in 3- to 5-minute increments and of [[poetry slam]]s has meant that performance poetry is now one of the most widespread forms of popular poetry. Chief among the proponents of these new forms of popular poetry were [[Bob Holman]] in New York, [[Marc Smith (American poet)|Marc Smith]] in [[Chicago]] and [[Alan Kaufman (writer)|Alan Kaufman]] in [[San Francisco]].  In the 1990s, the Favorite Poem project of then U.S. Poet Laureate [[Robert Pinsky]] gave new visibility to ordinary Americans reading and performing their favorite poems. Contemporary performance poets are now experimenting with poetry performances adapted to CD, to video, and to Web audiences.

The Beat Poets were the first to popularize crossing over into recorded media to distribute their performed poetry. The best-known Beat poet, [[Allen Ginsberg]], followed the lead of fellow Beat, [[Jack Kerouac]], in reciting his work for audio recording. Ginsberg always used music with his readings and often accompanied himself on the [[Pump organ|harmonium]]. Ginsberg put [[William Blake]]'s poems to music and performed them with the harmonium. Even though the Beats did not use the term "Performance Poetry" to categorize their work with music and audio recordings, the Beats provided an immediate model for the work of [[Hedwig Gorski]]. She is a Nova Scotia College of Art and Design art school graduate in 1976. The art school was infamous for starting the careers of numerous 1970s performance artists, such as [[Vito Acconci]], known for photographing his bites. It is worth noting that Gorski, who coined the term "Performance Poetry" to describe her poems written only for performance, recordings, and broadcast usually with her musical band East of Eden Band,<ref name="auto"/> is the only woman, besides Patti Smith, in this group of late twentieth-century innovators reviving [[oral poetry]]. Similar to the ancient bards, touring became a widespread means for performance poets and slammers to distribute their work since the 1990s. The [[Poetry Slam]] is a competitive live performance format founded by poet [[Marc Smith (American poet)|Marc Smith]] in Chicago, which has become a hotbed for performance poetry.

Performance poetry has also been boosted considerably by the appearance of [[Def Jam]]—the [[Hip hop music|hip-hop]] recording company helmed by [[Russell Simmons]]—on the scene.  def jam has created a [[Def Poetry|television show]] that showcases performance poets that runs on [[HBO]], as well as a show of performance poets that ran on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] for almost a year and won a [[Tony Award]].

[[Hispanic]] performing artists, such as [[Pedro Pietri]], [[Miguel Algarín]], [[Giannina Braschi]], and [[Guillermo Gómez-Peña]], are known for their humorous and politically charged attacks against American imperialism.  Later contemporary [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Latino]] poets such as [[Willie Perdomo]], [[Edwin Torres (poet)]] and [[Caridad de la Luz]] would follow in this tradition.

Closely tied to [[Chicano]] poets is the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] poet [[John Trudell]] who recorded and crossed over with his poetry and music [[Compact Cassette|cassettes]]. Trudell arose from the persecution on his reservation by [[FBI]] agents, who allegedly killed his wife and children. Protest is significant with the [[minority group|minority]] practitioners of performance poetry, such as def poets and slammers. This adds to the vitality of American performance poetry and connects to the social protest of [[Beat poets]] like [[Allen Ginsberg]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ake.hacettepe.edu.tr/Install/JASTFiles/jast27.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-10-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328094817/http://www.ake.hacettepe.edu.tr/Install/JASTFiles/jast27.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-28 }} TV interview 1982 [[Hedwig Gorski]] and [[Robert Creeley]] discuss Beats in the context of performance poetry.</ref>

In [[France]], [[:fr:Lucien Suel]], [[:fr:Akenaton (performer)|Akenaton]], and many other represents the way of performance poetry.

{{ill|Setsuko Chiba|ja|千葉節子}} is a Japanese poet and artist who takes the theatrical way of performance poetry since her debut in East Village in New York.{{fact|date=February 2023}}

In the [[Czech Republic]] performance poetry has also become popular among both Czech speakers and expats living in the capital city, [[Prague]], and surrounding areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.slampoetry.cz/Co_je_slam_poetry_Celostatni_soutez_v_crnnn|title = Slampoetry 2022 - Co je slam poetry? Ve zkratce…}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://equuspress.wordpress.com/2017/04/12/pragues-indie-writing-scene-divercity-week-and-prague-microfestival/|title = Prague's Indie Writing Scene @ DiverCity Week and Prague Microfestival|date = 12 April 2017}}</ref> In 2002 the first expat-based performance poetry group Alchemy was established and regularly held [[open-mic]] poetry events until 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alchemy-prague.com/p/about-alchemy.html|title = About Alchemy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.michaela-freeman.com/my-projects/80-english-poetry-readings-in-prague/|title=Alchemy Readings & Performances Series (2002-2018) > Michaela Freeman: Portfolio and Blog|date=April 17, 2013}}</ref> In 2003, the first year of the national slam poetry championship was organized as part of the [[Olomouc literary festival]] Poetry without Borders, initiated by poets and writers {{ill|Jaromír Konečný|cs}} and {{ill|Martin Reiner|cs|Martin Reiner (básník)|lt=Martin Reiner}} and literary theorist [[Miroslav Balaštík]].

In 2018 the [[Prague]]-based [[poetics]] collective [[Object:Paradise]] was established by writers [[Tyko Say]] and Jeff Milton with the mission to make "[[poetry readings]] more inclusive, inter-disciplinary and less restricted to art cafes and turtlenecks".<ref name="auto2">{{cite journal |last1=Fernanda |first1=Seavon |title=INSTANTNÍ NOSTALGIE |journal=A2 |date=March 2022 |issue=5/2022 |page=11 |url=https://www.advojka.cz/archiv/2022/5/instantni-nostalgie}}</ref> The collective has since aimed to make [[poetry]] readings more similar to ''language [[happenings]]'' which involve a variety of interdisciplinary acts and performances occurring at the same time. The collective outlined twenty [[mantras]] in their [[manifesto]] to make performance poetry more of a singular happening.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://objectparadise.com/MANIFESTO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624113022/https://objectparadise.com/MANIFESTO|url-status=live|archive-date=June 24, 2021|title=Manifesto — OBJECT:PARADISE}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gironès |first1=Cristina |title=Object Paradise, el colectivo artístico que quiere devolver la vida y la voz al barrio de Žižkov |url=https://espanol.radio.cz/object-paradise-el-colectivo-artistico-que-quiere-devolver-la-vida-y-la-voz-al-8742138 |website=Radio Prague International |date=16 February 2022 }}</ref><ref name="auto2"/>