Editing Pediment (section)

===Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo=== 
[[File:Sant' Agostino (Rom).jpg|thumb|[[Sant'Agostino, Rome]], by multiple architects, 1483, with three pediments, including a squashed one in the middle]]
When classical-style low triangular pediments returned in [[Italian Renaissance architecture]], they were initially mostly used to top a relatively flat facade, with [[Engaged column|engaged]] elements rather than freestanding porticos supported by columns. [[Leon Battista Alberti]] used them in this way in his churches: the [[Tempio Malatestiano]] (1450s, incomplete), [[Santa Maria Novella]] (to 1470), [[San Sebastiano (Mantua)|San Sebastiano in Mantua]] (unfinished by the 1470s), [[Basilica of Sant'Andrea, Mantua|Sant'Andrea, Mantua]] (begun 1472), and [[Pienza Cathedral]] {{circa|1460}}), where the design was probably his. Here the cornice comes out and then retreats back, forming the top of [[pilaster]]s with no capitals, a very unclassical note, which was to become much used. 

In most of these, Alberti followed classical precedent by having the pediment occupy the whole width of the facade, or at least that part that projects outwards.  Santa Maria Novella and [[Sant'Agostino, Rome]] (1483, by [[Giacomo di Pietrasanta]], perhaps designed by Alberti) were early examples of what was to become a very common scheme, where the pediment at the top of the facade was much less wide, forming a third zone above a middle zone that transitioned the width from that of the bottom.  The giant curving [[volute]] or [[Scroll (art)|scroll]] used at the sides of the middle zone at Sant'Agostino was to be a very common feature over the next two centuries.  As in Gothic architecture, this often reflected the shapes of the roofs behind, where the [[nave]] was higher than the side-aisles.<ref>Yarwood, 312-314; Summerson, 78-79</ref> 

Sant'Agostino also has a low, squashed down pediment at the top of the full-width section.<ref>[[Charles Herbert Moore]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=b1vMEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT74 ''Character of Renaissance Architecture''], 74, 1905</ref> This theme was developed by [[Andrea Palladio]] in the next century. The main facade of his [[San Giorgio Maggiore (church), Venice|San Giorgio Maggiore]] in [[Venice]] (begun 1566) has "two interpenetrating temple fronts", a wider one being overlaid with a narrower and higher one, respectively following the roof lines of the aisles and nave.<ref>Summerson, illus 41</ref>  Several of Palladio's villas also introduced the pediment to country house architecture, which was to be become extremely common in English [[Palladian architecture]].  In cities, Palladio reserved the temple front for churches, but in the Baroque, and especially outside Italy, this distinction was abandoned.

The first use of pediments over windows in the Renaissance was on the [[Palazzo Bartolini Salimbeni]] in Florence, completed in 1523 by [[Baccio d'Agnolo]]. [[Vasari]] says the innovation caused ridicule initially, but later came to be admired and widely adopted.<ref>{{cite book |last= Riegl |first= Alois |author-link= |date= 30 November 2010|title= The Origins of Baroque Art in Rome| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RvkatVCWEmgC|access-date=13 February 2022|location= Los Angeles, California | publisher= Getty Publications| page=143| isbn= 978-1-606-06041-4}}</ref> Baccio was accused of turning a ''[[palazzo]]'' into a church.  Three windows on each of three storeys (and the door) alternate regular and segmental pediments; there is no pediment at the top of the facade, just a large cornice, as was usual.<ref>[[Charles Herbert Moore]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=b1vMEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT196 ''Character of Renaissance Architecture''], 109-110, 1905</ref>  

[[File:Saint Peter's Basilica facade, Rome, Italy.jpg|thumb|[[St Peter's Basilica]], Rome, by multiple architects, 1506-1626]]
In [[St Peter's Basilica]] there is a conventional pediment over the main entrance, but the complicated facade stretches beyond it to both sides and above, and though large in absolute terms it makes a relatively small impression. Many later buildings used a temple front with pediment as a highlight of a much wider building. The St Peter's facade also has many small pedimented windows and [[aedicular]] niches, using a mixture of segmental, broken, and open pediments.

Variations using multiple pediments became very popular in [[Baroque architecture]], and the central vertical line of church facades often ascended through several pediments of different sizes and shapes, in Rome five at the [[Church of the Gesù]] ([[Giacomo della Porta]] 1584) and six at [[Santi Vincenzo e Anastasio a Trevi]] ([[Martino Longhi the Younger]], 1646), the top three folding into each other, using the same base line.<ref>Summerson, 78-79</ref>  This facade has been described as "a veritable symphony in repetitious pedimentry, bringing together a superimposed array of broken pediments, open pediments and arched pediments".<ref>Furman</ref>  The Gesù is the home church of the [[Jesuit order]], who favoured this style, which was first seen in many cities around Europe in a new main Jesuit church.

<gallery widths="170" mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Historic Centre of the City of Pienza-111586.jpg|[[Pienza#The_Duomo|Pienza Cathedral]], Italy, with the [[coat of arms]] of [[Pope Pius II]], 1459-1462
File:Venezia Blick vom Campanile der Basilica di San Marco auf die Basilica di San Giorgio Maggiore 6.jpg|[[San Giorgio Maggiore (church), Venice|San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice]], by [[Andrea Palladio]], begun 1566
File:Church of the Gesù, Rome.jpg|[[Church of the Gesù]], Rome, by [[Giacomo della Porta]], 1584
File:Église Santi Vincenzo Anastasio Fontana Trevi - Rome (IT62) - 2021-08-30 - 1.jpg|[[Santi Vincenzo e Anastasio a Trevi]], Italy, by [[Martino Longhi the Younger]], 1646
File:Roma - Basilica di Santa Maria del Popolo - Facade.jpg|The facade of [[Santa Maria del Popolo]], Rome, 1470s, with half-pediments at the mid-level by [[Bernini]], replacing [[volute]]s
File:Palazzo_bartolini_salimbeni2.JPG|[[Palazzo Bartolini Salimbeni]], 1523, the first pedimented windows of the Renaissance
File:Pediment of the West facade of the Pavillon Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois (PA00085992 1560).jpg|[[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] pediment of the Pavillon Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois, part of the [[Palais du Louvre]], Paris, unknown architect and sculptor, 17th century

Dijon Palais des Ducs de Bourgogne 02 détail 01.jpg|Baroque pediment of the [[Palace of the Dukes of Burgundy]], Dijon, France, by [[Daniel Gittard]] after [[Jules Hardouin-Mansart]], 1682-1689

File:Pierre legros, gloria di san luigi gonzaga, 1697-99, 01, altare con colonne di verde antico (cropped pediments and cartouche).jpg|Baroque cartouche and pediments on the Altar of Saint [[Aloysius Gonzaga]], [[Sant'Ignazio, Rome|Sant'Ignazio]], Rome, by [[Pierre Le Gros the Younger]], 1697-1699

File:Münster, Erbdrostenhof -- 2014 -- 4011.jpg|Curving [[Rococo]] pediment of the [[Erbdrostenhof]], Münster, Germany, by [[Johann Conrad Schlaun]], 1753-1757
</gallery>