Editing Pavia (section)

===Medieval history===
Emperor [[Lothair I]], king of Italy from 822 to 850, paid attention to schools when in 825 he issued his [[capitulary]] by means of which he prescribed that students from many towns of north Italy had to attend the lectures in the school of Pavia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.monasteriimperialipavia.it/pavia-citta-regia/?lang=en|title=Pavia Royal town|work=Monasteri Imperiali Pavia|access-date=29 July 2022}}</ref> [[File:Musei civici pavia5.jpg|thumb|Capital with battle scene, 12th century, [[Pavia Civic Museums|Civic Museums]]]] In 924, the Hungarians, led by the deposed Lombard king, [[Berengar I of Italy|Berengar I]], besieged but did not conquer the city.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Golinelli |first1=Pavia |title=Adelaide regina Santa d'Europa |date=2001 |publisher=Editoriale Jaca Book |location=Milano |isbn=9788816435117 |pages=30 |url=https://www.google.it/books/edition/Adelaide/YQZtlHhOE5kC?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=golinelli+adelaide&printsec=frontcover |language=it}}</ref> With [[Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto II]] Pavia become the stable site of the court, first with queen [[Adelaide of Italy]] and then with the wife of Otto II [[Theophanu]]m.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.monasteriimperialipavia.it/pavia-citta-regia/?lang=en|title=Pavia Royal town|work=Monasteri Imperiali Pavia|access-date=29 July 2022}}</ref> During the Ottonian period Pavia enjoyed a period of well-being and development. The ancient Lombard capital distinguished itself from the other cities of the Po Valley for its fundamental function as a crossroads of important trade, both in foodstuffs and in luxury items. Commercial traffic was favored above all by the waterways used by the emperor for his travels: from Ticino the Po was easily reached, a direct axis with the Adriatic Sea and maritime traffic. Furthermore, with the advent of the Ottoni, Milan again lost importance in favor of Pavia, whose pre-eminence was sanctioned, among other things, by the minting of the Pavia mint.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pavia: Vestigia di una Civitas altomedievale |url=https://www.academia.edu/4311218 |website=academia.edu |publisher=UNIVERSITA' DEGLI STUDI DI MILANO |access-date=3 October 2022 |last1=Brandolini |first1=Filippo }}</ref> The importance of the city in those centuries is also highlighted by the account of the Arab geographer Ibrāhīm al-Turtuši, who traveled to central-western Europe between 960 and 965 and visited Verona, Rocca di Garda and Pavia, which he defined the main city of Longobardia, very populous, rich in merchants and entirely built, unlike other centers in the region, in stone, brick and lime. In Pavia, Ibrāhīm al-Turtuši, was very impressed by the equestrian statue of [[Regisole]], which he places near one of the doors of the Royal palace and by the 300 jurists working inside the palace.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mandalà |first1=Giuseppe |title=La Longobardia, i Longobardi e Pavia nei geografi arabo-islamici del Medioevo |language=it|journal=Aevum |date=2014 |volume=88 |pages=356–361 |url=https://www.academia.edu/8463586 |access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref> Also at the turn of the tenth and eleventh centuries, the city was the birthplace of [[Liutprand of Cremona]], bishop, chronicler and diplomat in the service of [[Berengar II of Italy|Berengar II]] first and then of [[Otto the Great|Otto I]] and [[Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto II]] and of [[Lanfranc]], a close collaborator of [[William the Conqueror]] and, after the [[Norman Conquest|Norman conquest]] of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom, reorganizer of the English church. Pavia remained the capital of the [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italian Kingdom]] and the centre of royal coronations until the diminution of imperial authority there in the 12th century. In 1004, [[Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor|Holy Roman Emperor Henry II]] bloodily suppressed a revolt of the citizens of Pavia, who disputed his recent coronation as [[King of Italy]].
[[File:Pietre sulle quali veniva posto il trono durante le incoronazioni (4x3).jpg|thumb|left|Basilica of [[San Michele Maggiore, Pavia|San Michele Maggiore]], the five stones, already mentioned in the Honorantiae civitatis Papiae (about 1020), above which the throne was placed during coronations]]
In 1018, Pope [[Pope Benedict VIII|Benedict VIII]] convened a council in Pavia, at which the condemnation of [[simony]] and of clerical concubinage was reaffirmed. A new council, also convened by Pope Benedict VIII and Emperor [[Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry II]], was held in Pavia in 1022 and established severe measures to suppress [[Nicolaism|Nicolaitism]] and simony.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana |title=Pavia |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pavia/ |website=treccani.it |publisher=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref>
In 1037, Emperor [[Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor|Conrad II]], together with the army of Pavia, laid siege to Milan, although the siege was later lifted, and the devastation of the Milanese fields continued until 1039. The rivalry between Pavia and Milan turned into a war in 1056, which continued for a long time with changing fortunes (Battle of Campomorto, 1061), and Pavia called upon the emperor for assistance.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Majocchi |first1=Piero |editor1-last=Piero Majocchi |editor1-link=Maria Cristina La Rocca |title=Urban Identities in Northern Italy (800-1100 ca.) |date=2015 |publisher=Brepols |location=Turnhout |isbn=978-2-503-56547-7 |pages=103-148 |url=https://www.academia.edu/19930734/Piero_Majocchi_Lesercito_del_re_e_le_citt%C3%A0_organizzazione_militare_degli_eserciti_urbani_in_Italia_settentrionale_VIII_XI_sec_in_Urban_Identities_in_Northern_Italy_800_1100_ca_eds_by_Piero_Majocchi_e_Cristina_La_Rocca_Brepols_2015_pp_103_148 |language=it |chapter=Piero Majocchi, L'esercito del re e le città: organizzazione militare degli eserciti urbani in Italia settentrionale (VIII-XI sec.)}}</ref>
In 1076, during the conflicts between Emperor [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]] and Pope [[Pope Gregory VII|Gregory VII]], the imperial-loyal bishops organized a council in Pavia, at which Pope Gregory VII was excommunicated.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana |title=Pavia |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pavia/ |website=treccani.it |publisher=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref>
In the 12th century, Pavia acquired the status of a self-governing [[Medieval commune|commune]]. In the political division between [[Guelphs and Ghibellines]] that characterized the Italian Middle Ages, Pavia was traditionally Ghibelline, a position that was as much supported by the rivalry with [[Milan]] as it was a mark of the defiance of the Emperor that led the [[Lombard League]] against the emperor [[Frederick Barbarossa]], who was attempting to reassert long-dormant Imperial influence over Italy. Frederick I celebrated two coronations in Pavia (1155 and 1162) in the basilica of [[San Michele Maggiore, Pavia|San Michele Maggiore]] and resieded in a new imperial palace near the royal [[Basilica of Santissimo Salvatore|monastery of St. Salvatore]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/958478|title= The politics of memory of the Lombard monarchy in Pavia, the kingdom's capital|work= Materializing Memory. Archaeological material culture and the semantics of the past|access-date=29 July 2022|last1= Majocchi|first1= Piero}}</ref>

In the following centuries Pavia was an important and active town. Pavia supported the emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] against the [[Lombard League]] and the Pavese army took part in numerous operations in the service of the emperor and participated in the [[battle of Cortenuova]] in 1237.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nam-sism.org/Articoli/NAM%20510822%20Fascicolo%20N.%205%20-%20FRANKE%20Comparing%20Staufen%20Strategy.pdf|title=From Defeat to Victory in Northern Italy: Comparing Staufen Strategy and Operations at Legnano and Cortenuova, 1176-1237|publisher=Nuova Antologia Militare|access-date=29 July 2022}}</ref>
[[File:Pvtorri.jpg|thumb|upright| Some of the [[Towers of Pavia]], 11th–13th century]]
Under the [[Treaty of Pavia (1329)|Treaty of Pavia]], Emperor [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Louis IV]] granted during his stay in Italy the [[Electorate of the Palatinate]] to his brother Duke [[Rudolf I, Duke of Bavaria|Rudolph's]] descendants. Pavia held out against the domination of [[Milan]], finally yielding to the [[Visconti of Milan|Visconti]] family, rulers of that city in 1359 after a difficult siege;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/21465034 |title="Come i Visconti asediaro Pavia". Assedi e operazioni militari intorno a Pavia dal 1356 al 1359|work=Reti Medievali Rivista|access-date=2 August 2022 |last1=Romanoni |first1=Fabio }}</ref> under the Visconti Pavia became an intellectual and artistic centre, being the seat from 1361 of the [[University of Pavia]] founded around the nucleus of the old school of law, which attracted students from many countries. During the regency of [[Galeazzo II Visconti|Galeazzo II]] and [[Gian Galeazzo Visconti|Gian Galeazzo]] the memory of the capital's role and the Lombard traditions of Pavia jointly entered the "propaganda" of the new masters of Pavia: Galeazzo II moved his court from Milan to Pavia and between 1361 and 1365 Galeazzo II built a large palace ([[Visconti Castle (Pavia)|Visconti castle]]) with a major Park ([[Visconti Park]]), which became the official residence of the dynasty.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/958478|title= The politics of memory of the Lombard monarchy in Pavia, the kingdom's capital|work= Materializing Memory. Archaeological material culture and the semantics of the past|access-date=29 July 2022|last1= Majocchi|first1= Piero}}</ref> In 1396 Gian Galeazzo commissioned the building of the [[Certosa di Pavia|Certosa]], built at the end of the Visconti Park, which connected the Certosa to the castle of Pavia. The church, the last edifice of the complex to be built, was to be the family [[mausoleum]] of the Visconti.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.certosadipavia.it/cathedral/|title=Cathedral (English Version)|work=Certosa di Pavia|access-date=29 July 2022}}</ref> In 1389, by the will of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, some families of German Jews settled in Pavia, mainly active in financial activities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pavia |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/pavia |website=jewishvirtuallibrary.org |publisher=jewish virtual library |access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref> The Jewish community of Pavia grew in the 15th century, when Elijah ben Shabbetai, personal doctor of Filippo Maria Visconti and professor at the University of Pavia and, above all, [[Joseph Colon Trabotto]], who was a 15th-century rabbi who is considered Italy's foremost [[Judaism|Judaic]] scholar and [[Talmud]]ist of his era, and in the same university a Hebrew course was activated in 1490.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pavia |url=https://www7.tau.ac.il/omeka/italjuda/items/show/882 |website=7.tau.ac.il/omeka |publisher=Italia Judaica |access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref> Also in the fifteenth century, by the will of the Dukes of Milan, the University of Pavia experienced a phase of great development: it began to attract students from both Italy and other European countries and taught teachers of great fame, such as [[Baldus de Ubaldis|Baldo degli Ubaldi]], [[Lorenzo Valla]] or [[Giasone del Maino]].