Editing Paul Broca (section)

==== Hybridity ====
Broca, influenced by previous work of [[Samuel George Morton]], used the concept of [[hybridity]] as his primary argument against monogenism, and that it was flawed to see all of humanity as a single species.<ref>Ashok, 2017, pp. 13–14</ref> Different racial groups' ability to reproduce with each was not sufficient to prove that idea.<ref>Broca, 1864, p. 64</ref> Under Broca's view on hybridity, the result of a reproduction between two different races could fall into four categories: 1) The resulting offspring are [[infertile]]; 2) Where the resulting offspring are infertile when they reproduce between themselves but are sometimes successful when they reproduce with the parent groups; 3) Known as [[paragenesis|paragenesic]], where the offspring's descendants are able reproduce within themselves and with parents, but the success of the reproduction lowers with every generation until it ends; and 4) Known as [[eugenics|eugenesic]], where a successful reproduction can continue indefinitely, between the intermix descendants and with the parent group.<ref>Broca, 1964, Glossorial Note</ref>

Looking at historical population figures, Broca concluded that the population of France was an example of a eugenesic mixed race, resulting from intermixing of [[Cimbri]], Celtic, Germanic and Northern races within the Caucasian group.<ref>Broca, 1964, Section II</ref> On the other hand, the thought that observations and population data from different regions of Africa, Southeast Asia, and North and South America, showed a significant decrease in physical and intellectual abilities of mixed groups when compared to the different races that they originated from. Concluding that intermixed descendants of different racial groups could only be Paragenesic.[[File:Stereograph Broca.png|thumb|259x259px|Stereograph designed by Paul Broca and manufactured by Mathieu]]{{blockquote|I am far from advancing these suppositions as demonstrated truths. I have studied and analysed all documents within my reach; but I cannot be responsible for facts not ascertained by myself, and which are too much in opposition to generally received opinions to be admitted without strict investigation... Until we obtain further particulars we can only reason upon the known facts; but these, it must be admitted, are so numerous and so authentic as to constitute if not a rigorous definitive demonstration, at least a strong presumption of the doctrines of polygenists.<ref>Broca, 1964, pp. 59–60</ref>}}
''On the Phenomenon of Hybridity'' was published the same year as Darwin's presentation of the theory of evolution in the ''On the Origin of Species''. At that time, Broca thought of each racial group was independently created by nature. He was against slavery and disturbed by extinction of native populations caused by colonization.<ref>Broca, 1864, p. 70</ref> Broca thought that monogenism was often used to justify such actions, when it was argued that, if all races were of a single origin then "the lower status of non-Caucasians" was caused by how their race acted following creation. He wrote: {{blockquote|The difference of origin by no means implicates the subordination of races. It, on the contrary, implicates the idea that each race of men has originated in a determined region, as it were, as the crown of the fauna of that region; and if it were permitted to guess at the intention of nature, we might be led to suppose that she has assigned a distinct inheritance to each race, because, despite of all that has been said of the cosmopolitism of man, the inviolability of the domain of certain races is determined by their climate.<ref>Broca, 1964, pp. 70–71.</ref>}}