Editing Partitions of Poland (section)

== Aftermath ==
The [[King of Poland]], [[Stanisław August Poniatowski]], under Russian military escort left for [[Grodno]] where he [[abdication|abdicated]] on November 25, 1795; next he left for [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia, where he would spend his remaining days. This act ensured that Russia would be seen as the most important of the partitioning powers.

With regard to population, in the First Partition, Poland lost over four to five million citizens (about a third of its population of 14&nbsp;million before the partitions).<ref name="LukowskiZawadzki2001-96">{{cite book |author1=Jerzy Lukowski |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NpMxTvBuWHYC&pg=PA96 |title=A Concise History of Poland: Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki |author2=W. H. Zawadzki |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-521-55917-1 |pages=96–98 |access-date=8 January 2013}}</ref> Only about 4&nbsp;million people remained in Poland after the Second Partition which makes for a loss of another third of its original population, about a half of the remaining population.<ref name="lz">{{cite book |author1=Jerzy Lukowski |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NpMxTvBuWHYC&pg=PA103 |title=A Concise History of Poland: Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki |author2=W. H. Zawadzki |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-521-55917-1 |pages=101–103 |access-date=8 January 2013}}</ref> By the Third Partition, Prussia ended up with about 23% of the Commonwealth's population, Austria with 32%, and Russia with 45%.<ref name="Wandycz2001">{{cite book |author=Piotr Stefan Wandycz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E8H08OiOouoC&pg=PA133 |title=The Price of Freedom: A History of East Central Europe from the Middle Ages to the Present |publisher=Taylor & Francis Group |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-25490-8 |pages=133– |author-link=Piotr S. Wandycz |access-date=8 January 2013}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Cumulative division of the Commonwealth territory<ref>{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |title=God's Playground. A History of Poland. The Origins to 1795 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-925339-5 |edition=revised |volume=I |page=394}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" | Partition
! colspan="2" | To Austria
! colspan="2" | To Prussia
! colspan="2" | To Russia
! colspan="2" | Total annexed
! colspan="2" | Total remaining
|-
! Area || % || Area  || % || Area  || % || Area  || % || Area  || %
|-
| bgcolor="#ffdddd" | 1772 || {{convert|81900|km2|abbr=on}} || 11.17% || {{convert|36300|km2|abbr=on}} || 4.95% || {{convert|93000|km2|abbr=on}} || 12.68% || {{convert|211200|km2|abbr=on}} || bgcolor="#ffdddd" | 28.79% || {{convert|522300|km2|abbr=on}} || 71.21%
|-
| bgcolor="#ddddff" | 1793 || — || — || {{convert|57100|km2|abbr=on}} ||7.78% || {{convert|250200|km2|abbr=on}} || 34.11% || {{convert|307300|km2|abbr=on}} || bgcolor="#ddddff" | 41.90% || {{convert|215000|km2|abbr=on}} || 29.31%
|-
| bgcolor="#dddddd" | 1795 || {{convert|47000|km2|abbr=on}} || 6.41% || {{convert|48000|km2|abbr=on}} || 6.54% || {{convert|120000|km2|abbr=on}} || 16.36% || {{convert|215000|km2|abbr=on}} || bgcolor="#dddddd" | 29.31% || {{center|'''None'''}} || {{center|0%}}
|-
| '''Total''' || {{convert|128900|km2|abbr=on}} || '''17.57%''' || {{convert|141400|km2|abbr=on}} || '''19.28%''' || {{convert|463200|km2|abbr=on}} || '''63.15%''' || {{convert|733500|km2|abbr=on}} || '''100%''' || ||
|}
(Wandycz also offers slightly different total annexed territory estimates, with 18% for Austria, 20% for Prussia and 62% for Russia.)<ref name="Wandycz2001" />[[File:Map of the partition of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1799.jpg|thumb|"A map of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania including Samogitia and Curland divided according to their dismemberments with the Kingdom of Prussia" from 1799]]During the [[Napoleonic Wars]] and in their immediate aftermath the borders between partitioning powers shifted several times, changing the numbers seen in the preceding table. Ultimately, Russia ended up with most of the Polish core at the expense of Prussia and Austria. Following the [[Congress of Vienna]], Russia controlled 82% of the pre-1772 Commonwealth's territory (this includes its [[puppet state]] of [[Congress Poland]]), Austria 11%, and Prussia 7%.<ref>"Po przyłączeniu do obwodu białostockiego w 1807 roku do cesartwa i utworzeniu osiem lat później Królestwa Polskiego wnuk Katarzyny zjednoczył pod swoim berłem około 82% przedrozbiorowego terytorium Rzeczypospolitej (dla porównania – Austria 11%, Prusy 7%). "[in:] Basil Kerski, Andrzej Stanisław Kowalczyk. Realiści z wyobraźnią. [[Maria Curie-Skłodowska University|Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej]]. 2007 page. 318 {{ISBN|978-83-227-2620-4}}</ref>

As a result of the Partitions, Poles were forced to seek a change of status quo in Europe.<ref name="LRJohnson">{{cite book |first=Lonnie R. |last=Johnson |title=Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=0-19-510071-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195100716 |url-access=registration |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195100716/page/127 127]–128}}</ref><ref name="Wandycz">{{cite book |author=Piotr Stefan Wandycz |author-link=Piotr S. Wandycz |title=The Price of Freedom: A History of East Central Europe from the Middle Ages to the Present |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=0-415-25491-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E8H08OiOouoC&q=%22percent+of+the+population%22&pg=PA133 |page=133 }}</ref> Polish poets, politicians, noblemen, writers, artists, many of whom were forced to emigrate (thus the term [[Great Emigration]]), became the revolutionaries of the 19th century, as desire for freedom became one of the defining parts of [[Romanticism in Poland|Polish romanticism]].<ref name="WHZaw">{{cite book |first=W. H. |last=Zawadzki |title=A Man of Honour: Adam Czartoryski as a Statesman of Russia and Poland, 1795–1831 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1993 |isbn=0-19-820303-9
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hwZASJRHjLIC&q=Polish+romantic+revolutionaries&pg=PA330 |page=330 }}</ref><ref name="StefanAuer">{{cite book |first=Stefan |last=Auer |title=Liberal Nationalism in Central Europe |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=0-415-31479-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2IRot3UaQ0C&q=Polish+romantic+revolutionaries&pg=RA2-PA60 |page=60 }}</ref> Polish revolutionaries participated in uprisings in [[Prussia]], the [[Austrian Empire]] and [[Russian Empire|Imperial Russia]].<ref name="DieterDowe">{{cite book |first=Dieter |last=Dowe |title=Europe in 1848: Revolution and Reform |publisher=Berghahn |year=2001 |isbn=1-57181-164-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3qRFCn5CHoC&q=Polish+romantic+revolutionaries&pg=PA180 |page=180 |quote=While it is often and quite justifiably remarked that there was hardly a barricade or battlefield in Europe between 1830 and 1870 where no Poles were fighting, this is especially true for the revolution of 1848/1849.}}</ref> [[Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)|Polish legions]] fought alongside [[Napoleon]]<ref name="Carrib">{{cite book |first1=Jan |last1=Pachonski |first2=Reuel K. |last2=Wilson |title=Poland's Caribbean Tragedy: A Study of Polish Legions in the Haitian War of Independence 1802–1803 |publisher=East European Monographs/Columbia University Press |year=1986 |isbn=0-88033-093-7}}</ref><ref name="NapSoc">{{cite journal |first=Elena I. |last=Fedosova |url=http://www.napoleon-series.org/ins/scholarship98/c_polish.html |title=Polish Projects of Napoleon Bonaparte |journal=Journal of the International Napoleonic Society |year=1998}}</ref> and, under the slogan of ''[[For our freedom and yours]]'', participated widely in the [[Revolutions of 1848|Spring of Nations]] (particularly the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]]).<ref name="DieterDowe" /><ref name="Fofay">[http://www.globalprovince.com/ghl.htm Gods, Heroes, & Legends]</ref>

Poland would be briefly resurrected—if in a smaller frame—in 1807, when Napoleon set up the [[Duchy of Warsaw]]. After his defeat and the implementation of the [[Congress of Vienna]] treaty in 1815, the Russian-dominated [[Congress Poland|Congress Kingdom of Poland]] was created in its place. After the Congress, Russia gained a larger share of Poland (with [[Warsaw]]) and, after crushing [[November Uprising|an insurrection in 1831]], the Congress Kingdom's autonomy was abolished and Poles faced confiscation of property, deportation, forced military service, and the closure of their own universities. After the [[January Uprising|uprising of 1863]], [[Russification]] of Polish secondary schools was imposed and the literacy rate dropped dramatically. In the Austrian sector which now was called [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|Galicia]], Poles fared better and were allowed to have representation in Parliament and to form their own universities, and Kraków with [[Lwów|Lemberg]] (Lwów/Lviv) became centers of Polish culture and education. Meanwhile, Prussia [[Germanisation of Poles during the Partitions|Germanized]] the entire school system of its Polish subjects, and had no more respect for Polish culture and institutions than the Russian Empire. In 1915 a [[client state]] of the [[German Empire]] and [[Austria-Hungary]] was proposed and accepted by the [[Central Powers]] of World War I: the [[Kingdom of Poland (1916–18)|Regency Kingdom of Poland]]. After the end of World War I, the Central Powers' surrender to the [[Allies of World War I|Western Allies]], the chaos of the [[Russian Revolution]] and the [[Treaty of Versailles]] finally allowed and helped the restoration of Poland's full independence after 123 years.