Editing Parma (section)

===Modern era===
[[File:Parma nel XV secolo.jpg|thumb|Parma in the 15th century]]
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Between the 14th and the 15th centuries, Parma was at the centre of the Italian Wars. The [[Battle of Fornovo]] was fought in its territory. The [[France|French]] held the city in 1500–1521, with a short Papal parenthesis in 1512–1515. After the foreigners were expelled, Parma belonged to the [[Papal States]] until 1545.

In that year the [[House of Farnese|Farnese]] pope, [[Pope Paul III|Paul III]], detached Parma and [[Piacenza]] from the Papal States and gave them as a duchy to his illegitimate son, [[Pier Luigi Farnese, Duke of Parma|Pier Luigi Farnese]], whose descendants ruled in Parma until 1731, when [[Antonio Farnese]], last male of the Farnese line, died. In 1594 a constitution was promulgated, the [[University of Parma|University]] enhanced and the Nobles' College founded. There was also an important Jesuit college in Parma: it was the largest owned by the order in the entire region of Emilia-Romagna and it acquired a strong reputation in the scientific field, given that Fathers [[Giuseppe Biancani]], [[Niccolò Cabeo]] and [[Mario Bettinus]], all members of the order, taught there.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gatto |first=Romano |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Jesuits |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190639655 |editor=Ines G. Županov |location=Oxford |page=646 |contribution=Jesuit mathematics}}</ref> The war to reduce the barons' power continued for several years: in 1612 [[Barbara Sanseverino]] was executed in the central square of Parma, together with six other nobles charged of plotting against the duke. At the end of the 17th century, after the defeat of Pallavicini (1588) and Landi (1682) the Farnese duke could finally hold with firm hand all Parmense territories. The castle of the Sanseverino in [[Colorno]] was turned into a luxurious summer palace by [[Ferdinando Galli Bibiena|Ferdinando Bibiena]].

In the Treaty of London (1718) it was promulgated that the heir to the combined [[Duchy of Parma]] and [[Piacenza]] would be [[Elisabeth Farnese]]'s elder son with [[Philip V of Spain]], [[Charles III of Spain|Don Carlos]]. In 1731, the fifteen-year-old Don Carlos became Charles I Duke of Parma and Piacenza, at the death of his childless great uncle Antonio Farnese. In 1734, Charles I conquered the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, and was crowned as the King of Naples and Sicily on 3 July 1735, leaving the Duchy of Parma to his brother [[Philip, Duke of Parma|Philip (Filippo I di Borbone-Parma)]]. All the outstanding art collections of the duke's palaces of Parma, [[Colorno]] and [[Sala Baganza]] were moved to [[Naples]].
[[File:Parma, 16 century.jpg|alt=A drawing of Parma.|thumb|The city of Parma, divided by the river of the same name, with the imposing Romanesque Cathedral of the Ascension of the Virgin prominent on the right bank. 16th century.]]
Parma was under French influence after the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|Peace of Aachen]] (1748). Parma became a modern state with the energetic action of prime minister [[Guillaume du Tillot]]. He created the bases for a modern industry and fought strenuously against the church's privileges. The city lived a period of particular splendour: the [[Biblioteca Palatina]] (Palatine Library), the Archaeological Museum, the Picture Gallery and the Botanical Garden were founded, together with the Royal Printing Works directed by [[Giambattista Bodoni]], aided by the [[Amoretti Brothers]] as skilled and inspired punchcutters.