Editing Parkinsonism (section)

=== Toxins ===
Evidence exists to show a link between exposure to [[pesticides]] and [[herbicides]] and PD; a two-fold increase in risk was seen with [[paraquat]] or [[maneb]]/[[mancozeb]] exposure.<ref name="Pezzoli2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pezzoli G, Cereda E | title = Exposure to pesticides or solvents and risk of Parkinson disease | journal = Neurology | volume = 80 | issue = 22 | pages = 2035–41 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23713084 | doi = 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318294b3c8 | s2cid = 13628268 | type = Meta-analysis }}</ref>

Chronic [[manganese]] (Mn) exposure has been shown to produce a parkinsonism-like illness characterized by movement abnormalities.<ref name="Guilarte2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Guilarte TR, Gonzales KK | title = Manganese-Induced Parkinsonism Is Not Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease: Environmental and Genetic Evidence | journal = Toxicological Sciences | volume = 146 | issue = 2 | pages = 204–12 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 26220508 | pmc = 4607750 | doi = 10.1093/toxsci/kfv099 | type = Review }}</ref> This condition is not responsive to [[Management of Parkinson's disease|typical therapies used in the treatment of PD]], suggesting an alternative pathway than the typical [[dopamine]]rgic loss within the [[substantia nigra]].<ref name="Guilarte2015" /> Manganese may accumulate in the [[basal ganglia]], leading to the abnormal movements that characterize parkinsonism.<ref name="Kwakye2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kwakye GF, Paoliello MM, Mukhopadhyay S, Bowman AB, Aschner M | title = Manganese-Induced Parkinsonism and Parkinson's Disease: Shared and Distinguishable Features | journal = International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | volume = 12 | issue = 7 | pages = 7519–40 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 26154659 | pmc = 4515672 | doi = 10.3390/ijerph120707519 | type = Review | doi-access = free }}</ref> A mutation of the [[SLC30A10]] gene, a manganese efflux transporter necessary for decreasing intracellular Mn, has been linked with the development of this parkinsonism-like disease.<ref name="Peres2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Peres TV, Schettinger MR, Chen P, Carvalho F, Avila DS, Bowman AB, Aschner M | title = Manganese-induced neurotoxicity: a review of its behavioral consequences and neuroprotective strategies | journal = BMC Pharmacology & Toxicology | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 57 | date = November 2016 | pmid = 27814772 | pmc = 5097420 | doi = 10.1186/s40360-016-0099-0 | type = Review | doi-access = free }}</ref> The [[Lewy body|Lewy bodies]] typical to PD are not seen in Mn-induced parkinsonism.<ref name="Kwakye2015" />

[[Agent Orange]] may be a cause of parkinsonism, although evidence is inconclusive and further research is needed.<ref name=McKnight2020>{{cite journal |vauthors=McKnight S, Hack N |title=Toxin-Induced Parkinsonism |journal=Neurol Clin |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=853–865 |date=November 2020 |pmid=33040865 |doi=10.1016/j.ncl.2020.08.003 |s2cid=222299758 |type= Review|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Other toxins that have been associated with parkinsonism are:
* [[Annonaceae]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Carod-Artal FJ | title = [Neurological syndromes linked with the intake of plants and fungi containing a toxic component (I). Neurotoxic syndromes caused by the ingestion of plants, seeds and fruits] | language = es | journal = Revista de Neurología | volume = 36 | issue = 9 | pages = 860–71 | date = 2003 | pmid = 12717675 | type = Review }}</ref>
* [[Carbon monoxide]]<ref name="Bradley2004" />
* [[Carbon disulfide]]<ref name="Bradley2004" />
* [[Cyanide]]<ref name="Bradley2004" />
* [[Ethanol]]<ref name="Bradley2004" />
* [[Hexane]]<ref name="Kim2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kim EA, Kang SK | title = Occupational neurological disorders in Korea | journal = Journal of Korean Medical Science | volume = 25 | issue = Suppl | pages = S26-35 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 21258587 | pmc = 3023358 | doi = 10.3346/jkms.2010.25.S.S26 | type = Review }}</ref>
* [[Mercury (element)|Mercury]]<ref name="Bradley2004" />
* [[Methanol]]<ref name="Bradley2004" />
* [[MPTP]]<ref name="Bradley2004" /><ref name="Watanabe_2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Watanabe Y, Himeda T, Araki T | title = Mechanisms of MPTP toxicity and their implications for therapy of Parkinson's disease | journal = Medical Science Monitor | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = RA17-23 | date = January 2005 | pmid = 15614202 | url = http://www.medscimonit.com/pub/vol_11/no_1/5333.pdf }}</ref>
* [[Rotenone]]<ref name="Nandipati">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nandipati S, Litvan I | title = Environmental Exposures and Parkinson's Disease | journal = International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | volume = 13 | issue = 9 | pages = 881 | date = September 2016 | pmid = 27598189 | pmc = 5036714 | doi = 10.3390/ijerph13090881 | type = Review | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* [[Toluene]]<ref>Weiss J. Chapter 151. Toluene and Xylene. In: Olson KR, ed. Poisoning & Drug Overdose. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012. http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=55982958. Accessed April 21, 2013.</ref> ([[inhalant abuse]]: "huffing")<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Uitti RJ, Snow BJ, Shinotoh H, Vingerhoets FJ, Hayward M, Hashimoto S, Richmond J, Markey SP, Markey CJ, Calne DB | title = Parkinsonism induced by solvent abuse | journal = Annals of Neurology | volume = 35 | issue = 5 | pages = 616–9 | date = May 1994 | pmid = 8179306 | doi = 10.1002/ana.410350516 | s2cid = 23657208 }}</ref>