Editing Paris (section)

===18th and 19th centuries===
{{See also|Paris in the 18th century|Paris during the Second Empire|Haussmann's renovation of Paris}}
Paris grew in population from about 400,000 in 1640 to 650,000 in 1780.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yKsYAAAAYAAJ |last1=Durant |first1=Will |last2=Durant |first2=Ariel |title=The Story of Civilization XI The Age of Napoleon |date=1975 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |page=3 |access-date=11 February 2016 |isbn=978-0-671-21988-8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229054200/https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Story_of_Civilization_The_age_of_Nap.html?id=yKsYAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> A new boulevard named the [[Champs-Élysées]] extended the city west to [[Place Charles de Gaulle|Étoile]],{{Sfn|Combeau|2003|pp=45–47}} while the working-class neighbourhood of the [[Faubourg Saint-Antoine]] on the eastern side of the city grew increasingly crowded with poor migrant workers from other regions of France.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|pp=129–133}}
[[File:Prise de la Bastille.jpg|alt=|thumb|The storming of the [[Bastille]] on 14 July 1789, by [[Jean-Pierre Houël]]]]

[[File:Pantheon 2, Paris May 11, 2013.jpg|thumb|The [[Panthéon]], a major landmark on the [[Rive Gauche]], was completed in 1790.]]
Paris was the centre of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity, known as the [[Age of Enlightenment]]. [[Denis Diderot|Diderot]] and [[Jean le Rond d'Alembert|D'Alembert]] published their ''[[Encyclopédie]]'' in 1751, before the [[Montgolfier Brothers]] launched the first manned flight in a [[hot air balloon]] on 21&nbsp;November 1783. Paris was the financial capital of continental Europe, as well the primary European centre for book publishing, fashion and the manufacture of fine furniture and luxury goods.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=120}} On 22 October 1797, Paris was also the site of the first parachute jump in history, by [[André-Jacques Garnerin|Garnerin]].

In the summer of 1789, Paris became the centre stage of the [[French Revolution]]. On 14&nbsp;July, a mob seized the arsenal at the [[Les Invalides|Invalides]], acquiring thousands of guns, with which it [[Storming of the Bastille|stormed the Bastille]], a principal symbol of royal authority. The first independent [[Paris Commune (1789–1795)|Paris Commune]], or city council, met in the ''Hôtel de Ville'' and elected a [[Mayor (France)|Mayor]], the astronomer [[Jean Sylvain Bailly]], on 15&nbsp;July.{{sfn|Paine|1998|p=453}}

[[Louis XVI]] and the royal family were [[Women's march on Versailles|brought to Paris]] and incarcerated in the Tuileries Palace. In 1793, as the revolution turned increasingly radical, the king, queen and mayor were beheaded by [[guillotine]] in the [[Reign of Terror]], along with more than 16,000 others throughout France.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=674}} The property of the aristocracy and the church was [[Biens nationaux|nationalised]], and the city's churches were closed, sold or demolished.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=144}} A succession of revolutionary factions ruled Paris until [[Coup of 18 Brumaire|9&nbsp;November 1799]] (''coup d'état du 18 brumaire''), when [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] seized power as First Consul.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=147}}

The population of Paris had dropped by 100,000 during the Revolution, but after 1799 it surged with 160,000 new residents, reaching 660,000 by 1815.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=148}} Napoleon replaced the elected government of Paris with a prefect that reported directly to him. He began erecting monuments to military glory, including the [[Arc de Triomphe]], and improved the neglected infrastructure of the city with new fountains, the [[Canal de l'Ourcq]], [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]] and the city's first metal bridge, the [[Pont des Arts]].{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=148}}

[[File:Louis-Emile Durandelle, The Eiffel Tower - State of the Construction, 1888.jpg|thumb|The [[Eiffel Tower]], under construction in November 1888, startled Parisians—and the world—with its modernity.]]
During the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Restoration]], the bridges and squares of Paris were returned to their pre-Revolution names; the [[July Revolution]] in 1830 (commemorated by the [[July Column]] on the [[Place de la Bastille]]) brought to power a constitutional monarch, [[Louis Philippe I]]. The first railway line to Paris opened in 1837, beginning a new period of massive migration from the [[Provinces of France|provinces]] to the city.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=148}} In 1848, Louis-Philippe was overthrown by a [[French Revolution of 1848|popular uprising]] in the streets of Paris. His successor, [[Napoleon III]], alongside the newly appointed prefect of the Seine, [[Georges-Eugène Haussmann]], launched a huge public works project to build wide new boulevards, a new opera house, a central market, new aqueducts, sewers and parks, including the [[Bois de Boulogne]] and [[Bois de Vincennes]].{{sfn|De Moncan|2012|pp=7–35}} In 1860, Napoleon III annexed the surrounding towns and created eight new arrondissements, expanding Paris to its current limits.{{sfn|De Moncan|2012|pp=7–35}}

During the [[Franco-Prussian War]] (1870–1871), Paris was besieged by the [[Prussian Army]]. Following several months of blockade, hunger, and then bombardment by the Prussians, the city was forced to surrender on 28&nbsp;January 1871. After seizing power in Paris on 28&nbsp;March, a revolutionary government known as the [[Paris Commune]] held power for two months, before being harshly suppressed by the French army during the "[[Semaine sanglante|Bloody Week]]" at the end of May 1871.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|p=118}}

In the late 19th century, Paris hosted two major international expositions: the [[Exposition Universelle (1889)|1889 Universal Exposition]], which featured the new Eiffel Tower, was held to mark the centennial of the French Revolution; and the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|1900 Universal Exposition]] gave Paris the [[Pont Alexandre III]], the [[Grand Palais]], the {{Lang|fr|[[Petit Palais]]|italic=no}} and the first [[Paris Métro]] line.{{sfn|Fraser|Spalding|2011|p=117}} Paris became the laboratory of [[naturalism (literature)|Naturalism]] ([[Émile Zola]]) and [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolism]] ([[Charles Baudelaire]] and [[Paul Verlaine]]), and of [[Impressionism]] in art ([[Courbet]], [[Manet]], [[Claude Monet|Monet]], [[Renoir]]).{{sfn|Fierro|1996|pp=490–491}}