Editing Pan (god) (section)

== Mythology ==
[[File:Pan Butrint.webp|thumb|Bronze statuette of Pan dated to the early Hellenistic period (3rd century B.C) unearthed in [[Butrint|Butrint, Albania]]]]

=== Battle with Typhon ===
[[File:Pan goat MAN Napoli Inv27709 n01.jpg|thumb|right|Sex between pan and a goat. Statue from the [[Villa of the Papyri]], [[Herculaneum]]. Marble. National Archaeological Museum, Naples. First century BC – first century AD]][[File:Table support with a Dionysiac group (AD 170-180) (3470740119).jpg|thumb|Marble table support adorned by a group including [[Dionysos]], Pan and a [[Satyr]]; Dionysos holds a [[rhyton]] (drinking vessel) in the shape of a panther; traces of [[Red hair|red]] and [[Blond|yellow colour]] are preserved on [[Hair color|the hair]] of the figures and the branches; from an [[Asia Minor]] workshop, 170–180 AD, [[National Archaeological Museum, Athens]], Greece]]The goat-god [[Aegipan]] was nurtured by [[Amalthea (mythology)|Amalthea]] with the infant [[Zeus]] in Crete. In Zeus' battle with [[Typhon]], Aegipan and [[Hermes]] stole back Zeus' "sinews" that Typhon had hidden away in the [[Corycian Cave]].<ref>"In this story Hermes is clearly out of place. He was one of the youngest sons of Zeus and was brought into the story only because... he was a master/thief. The real participant in the story was Aigipan: the god Pan, that is to say. in his quality of a goat (''aix''). (Kerenyi, p. 28). Kerenyi points out that Python of Delphi had a son Aix ([[Plutarch]], ''Moralia'' 293c) and detects a note of kinship betrayal.</ref> Pan aided his foster-brother in the [[Titanomachy|battle with the Titans]] by letting out a horrible screech and scattering them in terror. According to some traditions, [[Aegipan]] was the son of Pan, rather than his father. The [[constellation]] [[Capricornus]] is traditionally depicted as a [[sea goat|sea-goat]], a goat with a fish's tail (see [[Hecatonchires|"Goatlike" Aigaion called Briareos, one of the Hecatonchires]]). A myth reported as "Egyptian" in [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]]'s ''Poetic Astronomy''<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''Poetic Astronomy'' 2.18: see Theony Condos, ''Star Myths of the Greeks and Romans'' 1997:72.</ref> (which would seem{{to whom|date=February 2023}} to be invented to justify a connection of Pan with Capricorn){{citation needed|date=February 2023}} says that when [[Aegipan]]—that is Pan in his goat-god aspect<ref>Kerenyi, p. 95.</ref>—was attacked by the monster Typhon, he dived into the river [[Nile]]; the parts above the water remained a goat, but those under the water transformed into a fish.

=== Erotic aspects ===
Pan is famous for his sexual prowess and is often depicted with a [[phallus]]. [[Diogenes of Sinope]], speaking in jest, related a myth of Pan learning [[masturbation]] from his father, [[Hermes]], and teaching the habit to shepherds.<ref>[[Dio Chrysostom]], ''Discourses'', vi. 20.</ref>

There was a legend that Pan seduced the moon goddess [[Selene]], deceiving her with a sheep's fleece.<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA46 p. 46]; Gantz, p. 36; Kerenyi, pp. 175, 196; Grimal, s.v. Selene; [[Virgil]], ''[[Georgics]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0058%3Abook%3D3%3Acard%3D384 3.391–93] has Pan capturing and deceiving Luna with the gift of a fleece; [[Servius (grammarian)|Servius]], ''Commentary on the Georgics of Vergil'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2007.01.0092%3Abook%3D3%3Acommline%3D391 391] ascribes to the Greek poet [[Nicander]] an earlier account that Pan wrapped himself in a fleece to disguise himself as a sheep.</ref>

One of the famous myths of Pan involves the origin of his [[pan flute]], fashioned from lengths of hollow reed. [[Syrinx]] was a lovely wood-[[nymph]] of Arcadia, daughter of [[Ladon (mythology)|Ladon]], the river-god. As she was returning from the hunt one day, Pan met her. To escape from his importunities, the fair nymph ran away and didn't stop to hear his compliments. He pursued from [[Mount Lycaeum]] until she came to her sisters who immediately changed her into a reed. When the air blew through the reeds, it produced a plaintive melody. The god, still infatuated, took some of the reeds, because he could not identify which reed she became, and cut seven pieces (or according to some versions, nine), joined them side by side in gradually decreasing lengths, and formed the musical instrument bearing the name of his beloved Syrinx. Henceforth, Pan was seldom seen without it.

[[Echo (mythology)|Echo]] was a nymph who was a great singer and dancer and scorned the love of any man. This angered Pan, a [[lust|lecherous]] god, and he instructed his followers to kill her. Echo was torn to pieces and spread all over Earth. The goddess of the Earth, [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]], received the pieces of Echo, whose voice remains repeating the last words of others. In some versions, Echo and Pan had two children: [[Iambe]] and [[Iynx]]. In other versions, Pan had fallen in love with Echo, but she scorned the love of any man but was enraptured by [[Narcissus (mythology)|Narcissus]]. As Echo was cursed by [[Hera]] to only be able to repeat words that had been said by someone else, she could not speak for herself. She followed Narcissus to a pool, where he fell in love with his own reflection and changed into a [[Narcissus (plant)|narcissus]] flower. Echo wasted away, but her voice could still be heard in caves and other such similar places.

Pan also loved a nymph named [[Pitys (mythology)|Pitys]], who was turned into a [[pine]] tree to escape him.<ref>[[William Smith (lexicographer)|Smith]] s.v. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DP%3Aentry+group%3D31%3Aentry%3Dpitys-bio-1 Pitys]</ref> In another version, Pan and the north wind god [[Anemoi#Boreas|Boreas]] clashed over the lovely Pitys. Boreas uprooted all the trees to impress her, but Pan laughed and Pitys chose him. Boreas then chased her and threw her off a cliff resulting in her death. [[Gaia]] pitied Pitys and turned her into a pine tree.<ref>[[Libanius]], ''[[Progymnasmata]]'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=kRi-If9IAOYC&pg=PA27 1.4]</ref>

According to some traditions, Pan taught [[Daphnis]], a rustic son of Hermes, how to play the pan-pipes, and also fell in love with him.<ref>Cohen, pp [https://books.google.com/books?id=uBlREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA170 169-170]</ref><ref>Also testified by [[Pope Clement I|Clement]] in ''[[Clementine literature|Homilies]]'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=7cIUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA108 5.16]. Clement, a Christian pope, was trying to discredit pagans and their beliefs in his works, however other finds seem to support this particular claim.</ref>

Women who had had sexual relations with several men were referred to as "Pan girls."<ref>{{cite book |last=Lane Fox |first=Robin |date=1988 |title= Pagans and Christians |location = London | publisher = Penguin Books | page = 130 | isbn = 0-14-009737-6}}</ref>

=== Panic ===
Disturbed in his secluded afternoon naps, Pan's angry shout inspired [[panic]] (''panikon deima'') in lonely places.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.knowledgerush.com/kr/encyclopedia/Pan_%28mythology%29/ |title=Pan (mythology) – Discussion and Encyclopedia Article. Who is Pan (mythology)? What is Pan (mythology)? Where is Pan (mythology)? Definition of Pan (mythology). Meaning of Pan (mythology) |publisher=Knowledgerush.com |access-date=2012-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010181338/http://www.knowledgerush.com/kr/encyclopedia/Pan_(mythology)/ |archive-date=10 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Robert Graves,''The Greek Myths'', p.101</ref> Following the Titans' assault on [[Mount Olympus|Olympus]], Pan claimed credit for the victory of the gods because he had frightened the attackers. In the [[Battle of Marathon]] (490 BC), it is said that Pan favored the Athenians and so inspired panic in the hearts of their enemies, the Persians.<ref name="EB1911">{{cite EB1911 | wstitle = Pan (mythology) | display = Pan | volume = 20 | pages = 662–663}}</ref>

=== Music ===
[[File:Sweet, piercing sweet was the music of Pan's pipe.jpg|thumb|left|"Sweet, piercing sweet was the music of Pan's pipe" reads the caption on this depiction of Pan (by [[Walter Crane]])]][[File:Pan compilation.jpg|thumb|Representations of Pan on fourth-century BC gold and silver Pantikapaion coins.|left|218x218px]]

In two late Roman sources, [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]]<ref>Hyginus, ''[[Fabulae]]'', 191 ([http://www.theoi.com/Georgikos/Pan.html#Apollon on-line source]).</ref> and [[Ovid]],<ref>Ovid, ''[[Metamorphoses]]'', 11.146ff ([http://www.theoi.com/Georgikos/Pan.html#Apollon on-line source]).</ref> Pan is substituted for the satyr [[Marsyas]] in the theme of a musical competition (''[[agon]]''), and the punishment by flaying is omitted.

Pan once had the audacity to compare his music with that of [[Apollo (god)|Apollo]], and to challenge Apollo, the god of the [[lyre]], to a trial of skill. [[Tmolus (son of Ares)|Tmolus]], the mountain-god, was chosen to judge. Pan blew on his pipes and gave great satisfaction with his rustic melody to himself and to his faithful follower, [[Midas]], who happened to be present. Then Apollo struck the strings of his lyre. Tmolus at once awarded the victory to Apollo, and all but Midas agreed with the judgment. Midas dissented and questioned the justice of the award. Apollo would not suffer such a depraved pair of ears any longer and turned Midas' ears into those of a [[donkey]].<ref>Ovid, ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' XI: 146-194</ref>

=== All of the Pans ===
{{More citations needed section|1=sons of Pan|2=Agreus, Nomios, Aegipan|date=October 2021}}
Pan could be multiplied into a swarm of Pans, and even be given individual names, as in [[Nonnus]]' ''[[Dionysiaca]]'', where the god Pan had twelve sons that helped Dionysus in his war against the Indians. Their names were Kelaineus, Argennon, Aigikoros, Eugeneios, Omester, Daphoenus, Phobos, Philamnos, Xanthos, Glaukos, Argos, and Phorbas.

Two other Pans were [[Agreus & Nomios|Agreus]] and [[Agreus & Nomios|Nomios]]. Both were the sons of Hermes, Agreus' mother being the nymph Sose, a prophetess: he inherited his mother's gift of prophecy, and was also a skilled hunter. Nomios' mother was Penelope (not the same as the wife of Odysseus). He was an excellent shepherd, seducer of nymphs, and musician upon the shepherd's pipes. Most of the mythological stories about Pan are actually about Nomios, not the god Pan. Although, Agreus and Nomios could have been two different aspects of the prime Pan, reflecting his dual nature as both a wise prophet and a lustful beast.

[[Aegipan]], literally "goat-Pan," was a Pan who was fully goatlike, rather than half-goat and half-man. When the Olympians fled from the monstrous giant Typhoeus and hid themselves in animal form, Aegipan assumed the form of a fish-tailed goat. Later he came to the aid of Zeus in his battle with Typhoeus, by stealing back Zeus' stolen sinews. As a reward the king of the gods placed him amongst the stars as the Constellation Capricorn. The mother of Aegipan, Aix (the goat), was perhaps associated with the constellation Capra.

Sybarios was an Italian Pan who was worshipped in the Greek colony of [[Sybaris]] in [[Italy]]. The Sybarite Pan was conceived when a Sybarite shepherd boy named Krathis copulated with a pretty she-goat amongst his herds.