Editing Pamplona (section)

===A fortress-city===
After the [[Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre|1512 conquest and annexation]] of Navarre to Spain, Pamplona remained as capital of the semiautonomous [[Kingdom of Navarre#Later history and the end of the fueros|kingdom of Navarre]], which preserved its own (reformed) institutions and laws. Pamplona became a Castilian-Spanish outpost at the foot of the western Pyrenees. After the Castilian conquest, king [[Ferdinand the Catholic|Ferdinand V]] ordered in 1513 the demolition and removal of the medieval castle and the city's monasteries, as well as the building of a new castle in a very close place. In 1530, with Navarre under Spanish military occupation, the Castilian viceroy was still expecting a "French invasion", and in fear of a possible revolt of the city dwellers, he requested an additional 1,000-strong force from what he called "healthy land", i.e. Castile, besides the 1,000 stationed already in Navarre.<ref name="ConqNavarre">{{cite book |author1 = Monreal, Gregorio |author2 = Jimeno, Roldan |year = 2012 |title = Conquista e Incorporación de Navarra a Castilla |publisher = Pamiela |location=Pamplona-Iruña |isbn = 978-84-7681-736-0 |page = 71}}</ref>

The progress of [[artillery]] demanded a complete renewal of the fortified system. Starting in 1569, King [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] built the fortifications at Pamplona, to designs by [[Giovan Giacomo Paleari]] and [[Vespasiano Gonzaga]]. The citadel in the south of the town is a pentagonal [[Bastion fort|star fort]]. Phillip had the city bounded by walls that made it almost a regular pentagon. The modernization of the walls was intended mainly to keep locals in check<ref>{{dead link|date=July 2023}}{{cite web |url=http://www2.noticiasdenavarra.com/ediciones/2008/02/17/vecinos/pamplona/d17pam30.1162828.php |title=200 años de la caída de la Ciudadela |publisher=Diario de Noticias |access-date=2008-02-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117161823/http://www2.noticiasdenavarra.com/ediciones/2008/02/17/vecinos/pamplona/d17pam30.1162828.php |archive-date=November 17, 2011 }} Article in Spanish</ref> and strengthen the outpost Pamplona had become on the border with [[Kingdom of Navarre#Independent Navarre north of the Pyrenees|independent Navarre]], a close ally of France. The walls that exist today date from the late 16th to 18th centuries.

During the 18th century, Pamplona was considerably beautified and its urban services improved. A continuous [[water supply]] was established and the streets were paved, among many other enhancements. Rich aristocrats and businessmen also built their mansions. In the 19th century, this fortress-city played a key role in several wars in which Spain was involved.

During the [[Peninsular War]] of the [[Napoleonic Wars]], French troops occupied the city - by launching a ''[[coup de main]]'' (surprise attack) and seized the city in 1808, and remained in it until the French forces were compelled to surrender on 31 October 1813 due to starvation, having been blockaded in the town for four months by the Spanish army under [[Henry O'Donnell, 1st Count of la Bisbal|Enrique José O'Donnell]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Porter |first=Maj Gen Whitworth |title=History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I |year=1889 |publisher=The Institution of Royal Engineers |location=Chatham}}</ref>{{rp|334}}
[[File:Environs_de_San_Sebastian_par_Didier_Petit_de_Meurville_(années_1850).jpg|thumb|View of Pamplona during the 1850s]]
During the [[Carlist Wars]] (1833–1839 and 1872–1876) Pamplona was each time controlled by the liberals, not just because the few liberals that lived in Navarre were mainly Pamplonese, but also because of the governmental control over the fortified city. Although Carlist rebels easily ruled the countryside, the government army had no problem in dominating the walled capital of Navarre. Nevertheless, during the last Carlist war, modern artillery operated by Carlists from surrounding mountains showed that the old walls would not be enough in the face of a stronger enemy. Thus, the government decided to build a [[Fort San Cristóbal (Spain)|fort on the top of mount San Cristóbal]], just {{convert|3|km|abbr=on}} north of Pamplona.

Due to its military role, the city could not grow outside its walled belt. Furthermore, building in the closest area to the walls was banned to avoid any advantage for a besieger; thus the city could only grow by increasing its housing density. Higher and narrower houses were built and courtyards gradually disappeared. During the 19th century, [[road transportation]] improved, and the [[railway]] came in 1860. Nevertheless, industry in Pamplona and Navarre as a whole was weak during the century of the [[Industrial Revolution]]. Basically, no industrial development was feasible in such a constrained fortress-city.

After a slight modification of the star fort allowed an expansion of just six blocks in 1888, the [[First World War]] demonstrated that the fortified system of Pamplona was already obsolete. In 1915, the Army allowed the destruction of the walls and abolished the building ban in the city's surroundings. The southern side of the walls was destroyed and the other three remained as they did not hinder urban growth. The star fort continued to serve as a military facility until 1964, but just as a garrison.

Pamplona has in recent years taken great care to integrate and preserve its fortifications for modern use. In October 2014, working with the city of Bayonne, Pamplona hosts an international conference 'Fortified Heritage: Management and Sustainable Development', the website is in English, French, and Spanish.<ref>[http://congress.fortiuspamplonabayonne.eu/ congress.fortiuspamplonabayonne.eu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413003205/http://congress.fortiuspamplonabayonne.eu/ |date=2014-04-13 }}</ref>

Available on a growing website are two free e-books, with copious colour photographs, on Pamplona's fortifications. Published in 2011 is 'Five living centuries of an impregnable fortress' about the city citadel<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://issuu.com/pamplonaescultura/docs/3_laciudadelapamplona_eng|title = The Citadel of Pamplona| date=6 May 2014 }}</ref> and 'A walk round the Pamplona fortifications'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://issuu.com/pamplonaescultura/docs/2_fortinsbartolome_en/c/sl7fbga|title=San Bartolome Fort|date=6 May 2014 }}</ref>