Editing Palm oil (section)

== Uses ==
[[File:2 janvier 2015. Kisangani, Province Orientale, RD Congo. Une femme prépare l’huile de palme utilisée pour la consommation alimentaire et la production de savon (16219900844).jpg|thumb|276x276px|Palm oil production is done in some parts of the world artisanally, and the locally produced oil is used for food, handicrafts and other products. This woman in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is showing the palm fruit above a pot for processing the fruit.]]

===In food===
The highly saturated nature of palm oil renders it solid at room temperature in temperate regions, making it a cheap [[fat substitute|substitute]] for [[butter]] or [[hydrogenation|hydrogenated]] [[vegetable oil]]s in uses where solid fat is desirable, such as the making of [[pastry]] dough and baked goods. Palm oil is used in West African cuisine such as [[egusi soup]] and [[okra soup]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ukegbu |first=Kavachi Michelle |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1241244901 |title=The art of fufu : a guide to the culture and flavors of a West African tradition |date=2021 |others=Grubido |isbn=978-1-62634-596-6 |location=Austin, Texas |oclc=1241244901}}</ref> Palm oil is sometimes used as a minor ingredient in calf milk replacer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biomin.net/species/ruminants/calf-milk-replacer/|title=Calf milk replacer: Ingredients, formulation and benefits for calves|website=Biomin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.milkspecialties.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Calf-Milk-Replacer-2019-Final.pdf|date=2019|title=Calf Milk Replacer Guide|author=Milk Specialties Global Animal Nutrition|access-date=29 April 2021|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831160134/https://www.milkspecialties.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Calf-Milk-Replacer-2019-Final.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Non-food consumer products ===
Palm oil is pervasively used in personal care and cleaning products, and it provides the foaming agent in nearly every soap, shampoo, or detergent. Around 70% of personal care products including soap, shampoo, makeup, and lotion, contain ingredients derived from palm oil. However, there are more than 200 different names for these palm oil ingredients and only 10% of them include the word "palm".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tullis|first=Paul|date=19 February 2019|title=How the world got hooked on palm oil|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/feb/19/palm-oil-ingredient-biscuits-shampoo-environmental}}</ref>

===Biomass and biofuels===
Palm oil is used to produce both methyl ester and hydrodeoxygenated [[biodiesel]].<ref name="Rojas">{{cite news|last1=Rojas|first1=Mauricio|date=3 August 2007|title=Assessing the Engine Performance of Palm Oil Biodiesel|newspaper=Biodiesel Magazine|url=http://www.biodieselmagazine.com/articles/1755/assessing-the-engine-performance-of-palm-oil-biodiesel/|url-status=live|access-date=25 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511051402/http://www.biodieselmagazine.com/articles/1755/assessing-the-engine-performance-of-palm-oil-biodiesel/|archive-date=11 May 2013}}</ref> Palm oil methyl ester is created through a process called [[transesterification]]. Palm oil biodiesel is often blended with other fuels to create palm oil biodiesel blends.<ref>{{Cite conference <!-- Citation bot no --> |last1=Nahian|first1=Md. Rafsan|last2=Islam|first2=Md. Nurul|last3=Khan|first3=Shaheen|date=26 December 2016|title=Production of Biodiesel from Palm Oil and Performance Test with Diesel in CI Engine|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312016794 |conference=    [[International Conference on Mechanical Industrial & Energy Engineering]] 2016, Kuet, Khulna, Bangladesh |at=CMIEE-PI-160160-4}}</ref> Palm oil biodiesel meets the European [[EN 14214]] standard for biodiesels.<ref name="Rojas" /> Hydrodeoxygenated biodiesel is produced by direct [[hydrogenolysis]] of the fat into alkanes and propane. The world's largest palm oil biodiesel plant is the €550 million Finnish-operated [[Neste (company)|Neste Oil]] biodiesel plant in [[Singapore]], which opened in 2011 with a capacity of 800,000 tons per year and produces hydrodeoxygenated [[NEXBTL]] biodiesel from palm oil imported from Malaysia and Indonesia.<ref name="Yahya">{{cite news|last1=Yahya|first1=Yasmine|date=9 March 2011|title=World's Largest Biodiesel Plant Opens in Singapore|newspaper=The Jakarta Globe|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/business/worlds-largest-biodiesel-plant-opens-in-singapore/427641|url-status=live|access-date=25 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626075012/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/business/worlds-largest-biodiesel-plant-opens-in-singapore/427641|archive-date=26 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=July 2011|editor1-last=Tuck|editor1-first=Andrew|title=Neste Oil_|journal=Monocle|volume=05|issue=45|page=73|issn=1753-2434|quote=Petri Jokinen (right), managing director of Neste Oil Singapore [...] the €550m plant has an annual production capacity of 800,000 metric tons of NExBTL renewable diesel, which is distributed mainly in Europe [...] palm oil, is imported from neighbouring Malaysia and Indonesia}}</ref>

Significant amounts of palm oil exports to Europe are converted to biodiesel (as of early 2018: Indonesia: 40%, Malaysia 30%).<ref>{{cite web|last=hermes|date=24 January 2018|title=European ban on palm oil in biofuels upsets Jakarta, KL|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/european-ban-on-palm-oil-in-biofuels-upsets-jakarta-kl|website=The Straits Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Wahyudi Soeriaatmadja|last2=Trinna Leong|date=24 January 2018|title=European ban on palm oil in biofuels upsets Jakarta, KL|work=[[The Straits Times]]|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/european-ban-on-palm-oil-in-biofuels-upsets-jakarta-kl|access-date=23 November 2018|quote=For Indonesia, 40% of its palm oil exports to Europe are converted into biofuels. Europe is Malaysia's second-largest export market for palm oil, with 30% of it used for biodiesel.}}</ref> In 2014, almost half of all the palm oil in Europe was burned as car and truck fuel.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Melanie Hall|date=1 June 2016|title=New palm oil figures: Biodiesel use in EU fueling deforestation|work=Deutsche Welle|url=https://www.dw.com/en/new-palm-oil-figures-biodiesel-use-in-eu-fueling-deforestation/a-19298426|access-date=23 November 2018|quote=In 2014, nearly half of the palm oil used in Europe ended up in the gas tanks of cars and trucks, according to data compiled by the EU vegetable oil industry association Fediol}}</ref>  As of 2018, one-half of Europe's palm oil imports were used for biodiesel.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Robert-Jan Bartunek|last2=Alissa de Carbonnel|date=14 June 2018|title=EU to phase out palm oil from transport fuel by 2030|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-climatechange-palmoil/eu-to-phase-out-palm-oil-from-transport-fuel-by-2030-idUSKBN1JA21F|access-date=23 November 2018|quote=Half of the EU's 6 billion euros ($7 billion) worth of palm oil imports are used for biodiesel, according to data from Copenhagen Economics.}}</ref>  Use of palm oil as biodiesel generates three times the carbon emissions as using fossil fuel,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hans Spross|date=22 June 2018|title=Does EU biofuel deal compromise the environment for trade with Southeast Asia?|work=Deutsche Welle|url=https://www.dw.com/en/does-eu-biofuel-deal-compromise-the-environment-for-trade-with-southeast-asia/a-44350293|access-date=23 November 2018|quote=According to a 2015 study carried out on behalf of the European Commission, the production and use of palm oil biodiesel causes three times the carbon emissions of fossil diesel.}}</ref> and, for example, "biodiesel made from Indonesian palm oil makes the global carbon problem worse, not better."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Abrahm Lustgarten|date=20 November 2018|title=Supposed to Help Save the Planet. Instead It Unleashed a Catastrophe.|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/20/magazine/palm-oil-borneo-climate-catastrophe.html|access-date=14 December 2018|quote=six of the world's leading carbon-modeling schemes, including the E.P.A.'s, have concluded that biodiesel made from Indonesian palm oil makes the global carbon problem worse, not better}}</ref>

There are pressures for increased oil palm production from Indonesian palm-based biodiesel programs. The biodiesel currently contains a 30:70 palm oil to conventional diesel ratio (known as B30) at the gas pumps. The Indonesian government is aiming to produce 100% palm oil biodiesel (or B100) to transition out of using conventional diesel. The Indonesian government has estimated it would need to establish approximately 15 million hectares of oil palm plantations to meet these future demands.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jong |first1=Hans Nicholas |title=Top Indonesian Palm Oil Developments in 2020 |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2020/12/top-indonesia-palm-oil-news-story-2020/ |website=Mongabay |date=28 December 2020 |access-date=12 May 2021}}</ref>

The organic waste matter that is produced when processing oil palm, including oil palm shells and oil palm fruit bunches, can also be used to produce energy. This waste material can be converted into pellets that can be used as a biofuel.<ref name="Choong">{{cite news|last1=Choong|first1=Meng Yew|date=27 March 2012|title=Waste not the palm oil biomass|newspaper=The Star Online|url=http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2012/3/27/lifefocus/9991812&sec=lifefocus|access-date=25 February 2013}}</ref> Additionally, palm oil that has been used to fry foods can be converted into methyl esters for biodiesel. The used cooking oil is chemically treated to create a biodiesel similar to petroleum diesel.<ref name="JOPR 2006">{{Cite report|url=http://palmoilis.mpob.gov.my/publications/joprv18june-loh.pdf|title=Recovery and conversion of palm olein-derived used frying oil to methyl esters for biodiesel|author=Loh Soh Kheang|author2=Choo Yuen May|date=18 June 2006|author3=Cheng Sit Food|author4=Ma Ah Ngan|access-date=25 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704235655/http://palmoilis.mpob.gov.my/publications/joprv18june-loh.pdf|archive-date=4 July 2010|journal=Journal of Palm Oil Research|url-status=live}}</ref>

===In wound care===
Although palm oil is applied to wounds for its supposed [[antimicrobial]]  effects, research does not confirm its effectiveness.<ref>
[http://www.kmitl.ac.th/ejkmitl/vol5no2/p502-505.pdf Antimicrobial effects of palm kernel oil and palm oil] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002235927/http://www.kmitl.ac.th/ejkmitl/vol5no2/p502-505.pdf|date=2 October 2008}} Ekwenye, U.N and Ijeomah, ''King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang Science Journal'', Vol. 5, No. 2, Jan–Jun 2005</ref>