Editing Pallium (section)

=== Modern use ===
[[File:John Paul II Brazil 1997 3.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Pope John Paul II]] vested in the pallium.]]

The use of the pallium is reserved to the pope and archbishops who are metropolitans, but the latter may not use it until it is conferred upon them by the pope, normally at the celebration of the [[Feast of Saints Peter and Paul]] in June. [[Pope Francis]] modified the ritual of conferring the pallium in January 2015: The pallia will be blessed on the feast of Saints Peter and Paul in [[Saint Peter's Basilica]]; the metropolitan archbishops, however, will receive those pallia in a separate ceremony within their home dioceses from the hands of the [[Apostolic Nuncio]], who is the personal representative of the pope in their respective countries.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2015/01/29/pope_modifies_and_enriches_pallium_investiture_ceremony_/1120538 | title=Pope modifies and enriches Pallium Investiture Ceremony | publisher=[[Vatican Radio]] | date=January 29, 2015 | access-date=January 29, 2015}}</ref> The pallium is also conferred upon the Latin Rite patriarch of Jerusalem. Previous traditions that allowed some other bishops to use the pallium were ended by [[Pope Paul VI]] in a [[motu proprio]] in 1978.<ref name="motuprop" /> A metropolitan archbishop may wear his pallium as a mark of his jurisdiction not only in his own archdiocese but also anywhere in his ecclesiastical province whenever he celebrates Mass.{{Sfn|Canon 437|1988}}

Although the pallium is now reserved by law and liturgical norms to metropolitans, a single standing exception has seemed to become customary: [[Pope John Paul II]] conferred a pallium on then-Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger when Ratzinger became [[dean of the College of Cardinals]] and therefore also [[cardinal bishop]] of Ostia, a purely honorary title and one without an archbishopric or metropolitanate attached. When Ratzinger was elected [[Pope Benedict XVI]], he continued that exception without comment by conferring the pallium on Cardinal [[Angelo Sodano]], the new dean.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whispersintheloggia.blogspot.com/2006/01/of-provinces-and-pallia.html  |title=Whispers in the Loggia |work=whispersintheloggia.blogspot.com}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=March 2017}} The same was done by [[Pope Francis]] for Cardinal [[Giovanni Battista Re]] on 29 June 2020, when Cardinal Re became dean in January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/homilies/2020/documents/papa-francesco_20200629_omelia-pallio.html|title = Holy Mass and blessing of the Pallium for the new Metropolitan Archbishops on the Solemnity of Saints Peter and Paul (29 June 2020) &#124; Francis}}</ref>

Worn by the pope, the pallium symbolizes the ''plenitudo pontificalis officii'' (i.e., the "plenitude of pontifical office"); worn by archbishops, it typifies their participation in the supreme pastoral power of the pope, who concedes it to them for their proper church provinces. Similarly, after an archbishop's resignation, he may not use the pallium; should he be transferred to another archdiocese, he must petition the pope for a new pallium. The new pallia are solemnly blessed after the First Vespers on the feast of Saints Peter and Paul, and are then kept in a special silver-gilt casket near the ''Confessio Petri'' (tomb of St. Peter) until required. The pallium was formerly conferred in Rome by a cardinal deacon, and outside of Rome by a bishop; in both cases the ceremony took place after the celebration of Mass and the administration of an oath.{{sfn|Braun|1911}}

[[File:Papst Benedikt XVI., Pfingstmesse im Petersdom, 15. Mai 2005.jpg|thumb|right|[[Pope Benedict XVI]] in his distinctive papal pallium, prior to 2008]]
For his formal inauguration, Pope Benedict XVI adopted an earlier form of the pallium, from a period when it and the omophor were virtually identical. It is wider than the modern pallium although not as wide as the modern omophor, made of wool with black silk ends, and decorated with five red crosses, three of which are pierced with pins, symbolic of Christ's five wounds and the three nails, and it was worn crossed over the left shoulder. Only the Papal pallium was to take this distinctive form. Beginning with the [[Solemnity of Saints Peter and Paul]] on June 29, 2008, Benedict XVI reverted to a form similar to that worn by his recent predecessors, albeit in a larger and longer cut and with red crosses, therefore remaining distinct from pallia worn by metropolitans. This change, explained the Master of Pontifical Liturgical Celebrations [[Guido Marini]], came about after recent studies on the history of the pallium had shown that the oldest depiction of a pope wearing that type of pallium, that of [[Pope Innocent III]] at the Sacro Speco Cloister, seemed to be a deliberate archaism. Marini also stated that Pope Benedict had had a series of annoying problems keeping it in place during liturgical celebrations. This pallium would later be disposed of by Benedict when, while inspecting the damages caused by the [[2009 L'Aquila earthquake]], he visited the badly stricken church of [[Santa Maria di Collemaggio]]. Here [[Pope Celestine V]]'s remains had survived the earthquake, and after praying for a few minutes by his tomb, Benedict left the pallium on Celestine's glass casket. The last pope to abdicate willingly before Benedict XVI was Celestine V in 1294.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/news_services/or/or_quo/interviste/148q08a1.html|title=Il pallio papale tra continuità e sviluppo – Interview with Guido Marini, Master of Pontifical Liturgical Celebrations|publisher=[[L'Osservatore Romano]]|date=2008-06-26|access-date=2008-06-26|language=it}}</ref>{{sfn|Kollmorgen|2008}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theratzingerforum.yuku.com/sreply/59672/Papal-clothing-and-liturgical-practices#.VFHhv_mG9qU|title=Papal clothing and liturgical practices in Cardinal Ratzinger / Pope Benedict XVI Forum|work=Yuku|date=20 June 2010 }}</ref>

[[File:Benedict XVI Blessing-2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Pope Benedict XVI]] wearing his second pallium in 2013]]
Although Pope Benedict XVI's second pallium was not actually made until 2008, the model for it already existed on [[coat of arms of Pope Benedict XVI|his coat of arms]]. A precedent for Pope Benedict XVI's variations of the pallium was set in 1999 when Pope John Paul II wore a long Y-shaped pallium with red crosses for that year's Easter and Christmas<ref name="JohnPaulIIChristmas">{{YouTube|id=ItRzkAhN6IQ&t|title=Apertura Porta Santa in san Pietro, Natale 1999}} Retrieved 27 September 2019.</ref> celebrations. It was only used on those occasions and was created by [[Piero Marini]], the then-master of pontifical liturgical celebrations, who would also create Pope Benedict's first pallium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://saintbedestudio.blogspot.mx/2013/03/papal-retrospective-blessed-john-paul.html|title=The Saint Bede Studio Blog: Papal Retrospective : Blessed John Paul II : 2|author=The Saint Bede Studio|work=saintbedestudio.blogspot.mx|date=12 March 2013}}</ref>

On June 29, 2014, after using Benedict XVI's second pallium for more than a year, Pope Francis restored the traditional pallium worn by popes prior to Benedict.<ref>{{citation |url=http://whispersintheloggia.blogspot.co.at/2014/06/on-peters-day-francis-to-bishops-are-we.html | title="The Problem For Us Is Fear" – On Pope's Day, Francis Calls Bishops To "Follow" | publisher=[[Rocco Palmo]] | date=June 29, 2014 | access-date=July 2, 2014}}</ref>{{sfn|Kollmorgen|2008}}

In January 2015, Pope Francis announced that, from that year's imposition on, the pallium would no longer be awarded personally by the Pope in Rome; instead, the corresponding archbishops would impose it in their local churches. The Pope, however, will continue to bless it beforehand.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pope Francis will no longer impose the pallium on Archbishops |date=29 January 2015|url=http://wdtprs.com/blog/2015/01/pope-francis-will-no-longer-impose-the-pallium-on-archbishops/}}</ref>