Editing Pacific Ocean (section)

=== European exploration ===
{{Main|Exploration of the Pacific}}
[[File:Waldseemuller map 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|''Universalis Cosmographia'', also known as the [[Waldseemüller map]], dated 1507, was the first map to show the [[Americas]] separating two distinct oceans. South America was generally considered the [[New World]] and shows the name "America" for the first time, after [[Amerigo Vespucci]]]]
The first contact of European navigators with the western edge of the Pacific Ocean was made by the Portuguese expeditions of [[António de Abreu]] and [[Francisco Serrão]], via the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], to the [[Maluku Islands]], in 1512,<ref>{{cite book|last=Hannard|first=Willard A.|title=Indonesian Banda: Colonialism and its Aftermath in the Nutmeg Islands|publisher=Yayasan Warisan dan Budaya Banda Naira|year=1991|location=[[Bandanaira]]|page=7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Milton|first=Giles|author-link=Giles Milton|title=Nathaniel's Nutmeg|publisher=Sceptre|date=1999|location=London|pages=5, 7|isbn= 978-0-340-69676-7}}</ref> and with [[Jorge Álvares]]'s expedition to southern China in 1513,<ref name="Porter, Jonathan 1996">Porter, Jonathan. (1996). ''Macau, the Imaginary City: Culture and Society, 1557 to the Present''. Westview Press. {{ISBN|0-8133-3749-6}}</ref> both ordered by [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] from [[Portuguese Malacca|Malacca]].

The eastern side of the ocean was encountered by Spanish explorer [[Vasco Núñez de Balboa]] in 1513 after his expedition crossed the [[Isthmus of Panama]] and reached a new ocean.<ref name="Ober">{{cite book|last=Ober|first=Frederick Albion|title=Vasco Nuñez de Balboa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=98zUIbdvAYgC&pg=PT129|publisher=Library of Alexandria|isbn=978-1-4655-7034-5|page=129|year=2010}}</ref> He named it ''Mar del Sur'' ("Sea of the South" or [[South Seas|"South Sea"]]) because the ocean was to the south of the coast of the isthmus where he first observed the Pacific.

In 1520, navigator [[Ferdinand Magellan]] and his crew were the first to cross the Pacific in recorded history. They were part of a [[Magellan–Elcano circumnavigation|Spanish expedition]] to the [[Spice Islands]] that would eventually result in the first world [[circumnavigation]]. Magellan called the ocean ''Pacífico'' (or "Pacific" meaning, "peaceful") because, after sailing through the stormy seas off [[Cape Horn]], the expedition found calm waters. The ocean was often called the '''Sea of Magellan''' in his honor until the eighteenth century.<ref>Camino, Mercedes Maroto. ''Producing the Pacific: Maps and Narratives of Spanish Exploration (1567–1606)'', p. 76. 2005.</ref> Magellan stopped at one uninhabited Pacific island before stopping at [[Guam]] in March 1521.<ref>Guampedia entry on ''Ferdinand Magellan''| url = https://www.guampedia.com/ferdinand-magellan/</ref> Although Magellan himself died in the [[Philippines]] in 1521, Spanish navigator [[Juan Sebastián Elcano]] led the remains of the expedition back to Spain across the [[Indian Ocean]] and round the [[Cape of Good Hope]], completing the first world circumnavigation in 1522.<ref name=oceanario>[https://archive.today/20130616003402/http://www.oceanario.pt/cms/1316/ "Life in the sea: Pacific Ocean"], Oceanário de Lisboa. Retrieved 9 June 2013.</ref> Sailing around and east of the Moluccas, between 1525 and 1527, Portuguese expeditions encountered the [[Caroline Islands]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Galvano|first=Antonio|title=The Discoveries of the World from Their First Original Unto the Year of Our Lord 1555, issued by the Hakluyt Society|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|orig-year=1563|date=2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XivHTiZoMycC&pg=1|isbn=978-0-7661-9022-1|ref=Galvano 1563|author-link=António Galvão|page=168}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> the [[Aru Islands Regency|Aru Islands]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Kratoska |first=Paul H. |title=South East Asia, Colonial History: Imperialism before 1800, Volume 1 de South East Asia, Colonial History |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2001 |pages=52–56}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9U-FUPS3DkC]</ref> and [[Papua New Guinea]].<ref name=Whiteway>{{cite book|last=Whiteway|first=Richard Stephen|title=The rise of Portuguese power in India, 1497–1550|publisher=A. Constable|date=1899|location=Westminster|url=https://archive.org/details/riseportuguesep00whitgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/riseportuguesep00whitgoog/page/n353 333]}}</ref> In 1542–43 the Portuguese also reached Japan.<ref>Steven Thomas, {{cite web|url=http://balagan.info/portuguese-in-japan|title=Portuguese in Japan|publisher=Steven's Balagan|access-date=22 May 2015|date=25 April 2006}}</ref>

In 1564, five Spanish ships carrying 379 soldiers crossed the ocean from Mexico led by [[Miguel López de Legazpi]], and colonized the [[Philippines]] and [[Mariana Islands]].<ref name="HendersonDelpar2000">{{cite book|last1=Henderson|first1=James D.|last2=Delpar|first2=Helen|last3=Brungardt|first3=Maurice Philip|author4=Weldon, Richard N.|title=A Reference Guide to Latin American History|url=https://archive.org/details/referenceguideto00hend|url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-1-56324-744-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/referenceguideto00hend/page/28 28]}}</ref> For the remainder of the 16th century, Spain maintained military and mercantile control, with ships sailing from Mexico and [[Peru]] across the Pacific Ocean to the Philippines via [[Guam]], and establishing the [[Spanish East Indies]]. The [[Manila galleon]]s operated for two and a half centuries, linking [[Manila]] and [[Acapulco]], in one of the longest trade routes in history. Spanish expeditions also arrived at [[Tuvalu]], the [[Marquesas Islands|Marquesas]], the [[Cook Islands]], the [[Solomon Islands]], [[Vanuatu]], the [[Marshall Islands|Marshalls]] and the [[Admiralty Islands]] in the South Pacific.<ref name="Fernandez-Armesto 2006 305–307">{{cite book|last=Fernandez-Armesto|first=Felipe|title=Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration|date=2006|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-06259-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/305 305–307]|url=https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/305}}</ref>

Later, in the quest for [[Terra Australis]] ("the [great] Southern Land"), Spanish explorations in the 17th century, such as the expedition led by the Portuguese navigator [[Pedro Fernandes de Queirós]], arrived at the [[Pitcairn Islands|Pitcairn]] and [[Vanuatu]] archipelagos, and sailed the [[Torres Strait]] between Australia and New Guinea, named after navigator [[Luís Vaz de Torres]]. Dutch explorers, sailing around southern Africa, also engaged in exploration and trade; [[Willem Janszoon]], made the first completely documented European landing in Australia (1606), in [[Cape York Peninsula]],<ref>J.P. Sigmond and L.H. Zuiderbaan (1979) ''Dutch Discoveries of Australia''.Rigby Ltd, Australia. pp. 19–30 {{ISBN|0-7270-0800-5}}</ref> and [[Abel Tasman|Abel Janszoon Tasman]] circumnavigated and landed on parts of the Australian continental coast and arrived at [[Tasmania]] and New Zealand in 1642.<ref>{{cite book|title=Primary Australian History: Book F [B6] Ages 10–11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_i98Pu5dDhkC&pg=PA6|date=2008|publisher=R.I.C. Publications|isbn=978-1-74126-688-7|page=6}}</ref>

In the 16th and 17th centuries, Spain considered the Pacific Ocean a ''[[mare clausum]]''{{snd}}a sea closed to other naval powers. As the only known entrance from the Atlantic, the [[Strait of Magellan]] was at times patrolled by fleets sent to prevent the entrance of non-Spanish ships. On the western side of the Pacific Ocean the Dutch threatened the [[Philippines|Spanish Philippines]].<ref name=lytle>{{Citation|last=Lytle Schurz|first=William|title=The Spanish Lake|journal=The Hispanic American Historical Review|volume=5|issue=2|date=1922|pages=181–194|jstor=2506024|doi=10.2307/2506024}}</ref>

The 18th century marked the beginning of major exploration by the Russians in [[Alaska]] and the [[Aleutian Islands]], such as the [[First Kamchatka expedition]] and the [[Great Northern Expedition]], led by the Danish-born Russian navy officer [[Vitus Bering]]. Spain also sent [[Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest|expeditions to the Pacific Northwest]], reaching [[Vancouver Island]] in southern Canada, and Alaska. The French explored and colonized [[Polynesia]], and the British made three voyages with [[James Cook]] to the South Pacific and Australia, [[Hawaii]], and the North American [[Pacific Northwest]]. In 1768, [[Pierre-Antoine Véron]], a young [[astronomer]] accompanying [[Louis Antoine de Bougainville]] on his voyage of exploration, established the width of the Pacific with precision for the first time in history.<ref name="Williams2004">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Glyndwr|title=Captain Cook: Explorations And Reassessments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VqDHGru-zcIC&pg=PA143|date=2004|publisher=Boydell Press|isbn=978-1-84383-100-6|page=143}}</ref> One of the earliest voyages of scientific exploration was organized by Spain in the [[Malaspina Expedition]] of 1789–1794. It sailed vast areas of the Pacific, from Cape Horn to Alaska, Guam and the Philippines, New Zealand, Australia, and the South Pacific.<ref name="Fernandez-Armesto 2006 305–307" />

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File:Carta universal en que se contiene todo lo que del mundo se ha descubierto fasta agora hizola Diego Ribero cosmographo de su magestad, ano de 1529, en Sevilla.jpg|Made in 1529, the [[Diogo Ribeiro (cartographer)|Diogo Ribeiro]] map was the first to show the Pacific at about its proper size
File:A compleat chart of the coast of Asia and America with the great South Sea - R.W. Seale del. et sculp. NYPL465242.tiff|Map of the Pacific Ocean during European Exploration, circa 1754.
File:Ortelius - Maris Pacifici 1589.jpg|[[Maris Pacifici]] by [[Abraham Ortelius|Ortelius]] (1589). One of the first printed maps to show the Pacific Ocean<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/prn-01-093/|title=Library Acquires Copy of 1507 Waldseemüller World Map – News Releases (Library of Congress)|publisher=Loc.gov|access-date=April 20, 2013}}</ref>
File:A generall chart of the South Sea ... NYPL481132.tiff|Map of the Pacific Ocean during European Exploration, circa 1702–1707
</gallery>