Editing Overseas Chinese (section)

===After World War II===
Those who fled during 1912–1949 and settled down in [[Singapore]] and [[Malaysia]] automatically gained citizenship in 1957 and 1963 as these countries gained independence.<ref>{{cite web|last=Yong|first=Ching Fatt|title=The Kuomintang Movement in British Malaya, 1912–1949|url=http://www.asianhistorybooks.com/malaysia/the-kuomintang-movement-in-british-malaya-1912-1949/|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|access-date=29 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110140047/http://www.asianhistorybooks.com/malaysia/the-kuomintang-movement-in-british-malaya-1912-1949/|archive-date=10 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Tan|first=Kah Kee|title=The Making of an Overseas Chinese Legend|publisher=World Scientific Publishing Company|doi=10.1142/8692|year=2013|isbn=978-981-4447-89-8}}</ref> [[Kuomintang]] members who settled in Malaysia and Singapore played a major role in the establishment of the [[Malaysian Chinese Association]] and their meeting hall at [[Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall|Sun Yat Sen Villa]]. There was evidence that some intended to reclaim mainland China from the CCP by funding the [[Kuomintang]].<ref name="Cham Jan Voon">{{cite thesis|degree=master|last=Jan Voon|first=Cham|title=Sarawak Chinese political thinking : 1911–1963|chapter=Kuomintang's influence on Sarawak Chinese|chapter-url=http://symposia.unimas.my/iii/sym/app?id=6596352876721218&lang=eng&service=blob&suite=def|publisher=University of Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS)|year=2002|access-date=28 August 2012}} {{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Wong |first=Coleen |date=10 July 2013 |title=The KMT Soldiers Who Stayed Behind In China |url=https://thediplomat.com/china-power/the-kmt-soldiers-who-stayed-behind-in-china/ |magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |access-date=29 September 2013 |archive-date=10 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110152649/http://thediplomat.com/china-power/the-kmt-soldiers-who-stayed-behind-in-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Restaurantechino.jpg|thumb|Chinese restaurant in [[La Coruña]], Galicia, Spain.]]
After their defeat in the Chinese Civil War, parts of the [[Kuomintang in Burma|Nationalist army]] retreated south and crossed the border into Burma as the [[People's Liberation Army]] entered [[Yunnan]].<ref name=":Han2">{{Cite book |last=Han |first=Enze |title=The Ripple Effect: China's Complex Presence in Southeast Asia |date=2024 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-769659-0 |location=New York}}</ref>{{Rp|page=65}} The United States supported these Nationalist forces because the United States hoped they would harass the People's Republic of China from the southwest, thereby diverting Chinese resources from the [[Korean War]].<ref name=":Han2" />{{Rp|page=65}} The Burmese government protested and international pressure increased.<ref name=":Han2" />{{Rp|page=65}} Beginning in 1953, several rounds of withdrawals of the Nationalist forces and their families were carried out.<ref name=":Han2" />{{Rp|page=65}} In [[1960–61 campaign at the China–Burma border|1960, joint military action]] by China and Burma expelled the remaining Nationalist forces from Burma, although [[Kuomintang Chinese in Thailand|some went on to settle]] in the [[Myanmar–Thailand border|Burma–Thailand borderlands]].<ref name=":Han2" />{{Rp|pages=65–66}}

During the 1950s and 1960s, the ROC tended to seek the support of overseas Chinese communities through branches of the [[Kuomintang]] based on [[Sun Yat-sen]]'s use of [[expatriate]] Chinese communities to raise money for his revolution. During this period, the People's Republic of China tended to view overseas Chinese with suspicion as possible [[capitalism|capitalist]] infiltrators and tended to value relationships with Southeast Asian nations as more important than gaining support of overseas Chinese, and in the [[Bandung declaration]] explicitly stated{{where|date=June 2020}} that overseas Chinese owed primary loyalty to their home nation.{{dubious|date=June 2020}}

From the mid-20th century onward, emigration has been directed primarily to Western countries such as the United States, Australia, Canada, Brazil, The United Kingdom, New Zealand, Argentina and the nations of Western Europe; as well as to Peru, Panama, and to a lesser extent to Mexico. Many of these emigrants who entered Western countries were themselves overseas Chinese, particularly from the 1950s to the 1980s, a period during which the PRC placed severe restrictions on the movement of its citizens.

Due to the political dynamics of the [[Cold War]], there was relatively little migration from the People's Republic of China to southeast Asia from the 1950s until the mid-1970s.<ref name=":Han2" />{{Rp|page=117}}

In 1984, Britain agreed to transfer the sovereignty of [[Hong Kong]] to the PRC; this triggered another wave of migration to the United Kingdom (mainly England), Australia, Canada, US, South America, Europe and other parts of the world. The [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre]] further accelerated the migration. The wave calmed after Hong Kong's transfer of [[sovereignty]] in 1997. In addition, many citizens of Hong Kong hold citizenships or have current visas in other countries so if the need arises, they can leave Hong Kong at short notice.{{Citation needed|reason=the preceding paragraph is entirely devoid of references|date=June 2018}}

In recent years, the People's Republic of China has built increasingly stronger ties with African nations. In 2014, author [[Howard W. French|Howard French]] estimated that over one million Chinese have moved in the past 20 years to Africa.<ref name="africamove">{{cite magazine |last1=French |first1=Howard |date=November 2014 |title=China's Second Continent: How a Million Migrants Are Building a New Empire in Africa |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/2014-10-17/chinas-second-continent-how-million-migrants-are-building-new |magazine=[[Foreign Affairs]] |access-date=9 August 2020 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106081253/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/2014-10-17/chinas-second-continent-how-million-migrants-are-building-new |url-status=live }}</ref>

More recent Chinese presences have developed in Europe, where they number well over 1 million, and in Russia, they number over 200,000, concentrated in the [[Russian Far East]]. Russia's main Pacific port and naval base of [[Vladivostok]], once closed to foreigners and belonged to China until the late 19th century, {{as of | 2010 | lc = on}} bristles with Chinese markets, restaurants and trade houses. A growing Chinese community in Germany consists of around 76,000 people {{as of | 2010 | lc = on}}.<ref name="de-cn1">{{cite web|url=http://www.de-cn.net/dis/zgh/his/de2705231.htm|title=Deutsch-Chinesisches Kulturnetz|website=De-cn.net|language=de|access-date=6 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413070711/http://www.de-cn.net/dis/zgh/his/de2705231.htm|archive-date=13 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> An estimated 15,000 to 30,000 Chinese live in Austria.<ref name="eu-china1">{{cite web|url=http://www.eu-china.net/web/cms/upload/pdf/materialien/p35_chinesen_08-09-30.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721171842/http://www.eu-china.net/web/cms/upload/pdf/materialien/p35_chinesen_08-09-30.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-21 |url-status=live|title=Heimat süßsauer|website=Eu-china.net|language=de|access-date=27 May 2018}}</ref>