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===Consonants=== For English equivalents and narrow transcriptions of sounds, see [[wiktionary:AP:pron:cu|Old Church Slavonic Pronunciation on Wiktionary]]. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! colspan="2" | ! [[labial consonant|Labial]] ! [[dental consonant|Dental]] ! [[palatal consonant|Palatal]] ! [[velar consonant|Velar]] |- ! colspan="2" |[[nasal stop|Nasal]] |{{IPAlink|m}} |{{IPAlink|n}} |{{IPAlink|ɲ}}{{ref|1c|c}} | |- ! rowspan="2" | [[plosive consonant|Plosive]] !{{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}} | {{IPAlink|p}} | {{IPAlink|t}} | {{IPAlink|tʲ}}{{ref|1a|a}} | {{IPAlink|k}} |- !{{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}} | {{IPAlink|b}} | {{IPAlink|d}} | {{IPAlink|dʲ}}{{ref|1a|a}} | {{IPAlink|ɡ}} |- ! rowspan="2" | [[affricate consonant|Affricate]] !{{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}} | | {{IPAlink|t͡s}} | {{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}} | |- !{{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}} | |{{IPA link|d͡z}}{{ref|1b|b}} | | |- ! rowspan="2" | [[fricative consonant|Fricative]] !{{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}} | | {{IPAlink|s}} | {{IPAlink|ʃ}} | {{IPAlink|x}} |- !{{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}} | |{{IPAlink|z}} |{{IPAlink|ʒ}} | |- ! colspan="2" | [[lateral consonant|Lateral]] | | {{IPAlink|l}} | {{IPAlink|ʎ}}{{ref|1c|c}} | |- ! colspan="2" | [[trill consonant|Trill]] | | {{IPAlink|r}} | {{IPA|ɼ}}{{ref|1c|c}}{{clarify|not a phoneme in the IPA|date=May 2025}} | |- ! colspan="2" | [[approximant consonant|Approximant]] | {{IPAlink|v}} | | {{IPAlink|j}} | |} * {{note|1a|a}} These phonemes were written and articulated differently in different recensions: as {{font|size=110%|⟨{{Script|Glag|Ⱌ}}⟩}} ({{IPAslink|t͡s}}) and {{font|size=110%|⟨{{Script|Glag|Ⰷ}}⟩}} ({{IPAslink|d͡z}}) in the Moravian recension, {{font|size=110%|⟨{{Script|Glag|Ⱌ}}⟩}} ({{IPAslink|t͡s}}) and {{font|size=110%|⟨{{Script|Glag|Ⰸ}}⟩}} ({{IPAslink|z}}) in the Bohemian recension, {{font|size=110%|⟨{{Script|Glag|Ⱋ}}⟩}}/{{font|size=110%|⟨щ⟩}} ({{IPA|[ʃt]}}) and {{font|size=110%|⟨{{Script|Glag|ⰆⰄ}}⟩}}/{{font|size=110%|⟨жд⟩}} ({{IPA|[ʒd]}}) in the Bulgarian recension(s). In Serbia, {{font|size=110%|⟨Ꙉ⟩}} was used to denote both sounds. The abundance of [[Middle Ages]] toponyms featuring {{IPA|[ʃt]}} and {{IPA|[ʒd]}} in [[North Macedonia]], [[Kosovo]] and the [[Torlak]]-speaking parts of Serbia indicates that at the time, the clusters were articulated as {{IPA|[ʃt]}} & {{IPA|[ʒd]}} as well, even though current reflexes are different.{{sfnp|Duridanov|1991|pp=65|ps=: ''Че някога на всички македонски говори са били присъщи звукосъчетанията шт, жд на мястото на днешните ќ, ѓ се вижда от топонимията на съответните области: Брьждaни (при Кичево), Драгощь и Хращани (в Битолско), Вел‘гощи, Радобужда, Радов'лища и Пещани (в Охридско), Граждено (в Ресенско), Рожденъ (в Тиквеш) — всички данни са от XVI в. (Селищев 1933 а: 22, 38, 63, 64 и др.; 1933 б: 37)… Днешното селищно име в Прилепско Кривогащани е познато под тая форма в грамота от XIV в.: въ Кривогаштанехъ (Новаковић 1912: 666). В околия Крива Паланка (Северна Македония) също се срещат местни имена с шт, жд: Бащево, Радибуш — от Радибоужда (Радибоуждоу Горноу) в грамота от 1358 г, (Новаковић 1912: 435); в Кочанско: Драгобраща; в Скопско: Пещерица, Побуже — Побѫжда във Виргинската грамота на Константин Асен от ХШ в. (Иванов 1931: 582), Смрьдештець в грамота от 1300г. (Селищев 1933 6: 38) и др.; срв. още селищното име Радовиш от по-старо *Радовишти, в грамота от 1361 г. (Селищев 1933 б: 38). В Призренско също са засвидетелствувани географски имена с шт, жд, срв. примерите в една грамота от XIV в. (Селищев 1933 б: 40): Небрѣгошта, Доброушта, Сѣлограждани, Гражденикь, Послища, Любижда и т. н. На запад ареалът на старобългарските говори ще е обхващал поречията на Южна Морава и Тимок, както може да се съди от цяла поредица географски (главно селищни) имена с шт, жд от праславянско *tj, *kt, *dj, запазени до най-ново време. Срв. напр.: Добровиш (от по-старо Добровищь) — село в Пиротско; Добруща (от XIV в.) — село близо до Гиляни; Огоща — село в околия Гиляни; Тибужде, Драгобужда (-жде), Рождаци (-це) (срв. срблг. рождакъ в Слепченския апостол, срхърв. рођак „сродник“, „роднина“) — села в околия Враня; Житоражда — две села в околия Прокупле и околия Владичин хан; Люберажда — село в Пиротско; Ображда — село в околия Лебани; Ргоште — село в Тимошка околия (от основа Ргот-, от коята са Рготина, село в Зайчарска околия и Рготска река), Драгаиште — приток на Тимок и пр. Някои от тези реликтни топоними са вече посърбени (напр в официалните сръбски справочници се пише Житорађе, Љуберађа), но повечето са запазили първоначалното си звучене.'' [The fact that all Macedonian dialects once featured the consonant clusters '''''шт/št''''' (['''{{IPA|ʃt}}''']) and '''''жд/žd''''' ['''{{IPA|ʒd}}'''] instead of today's '''''ќ''''' ('''{{IPAslink|c}}''') and '''''ѓ''''' ('''{{IPAslink|ʄ}}''') can be seen from the toponyms in the respective regions: [[Brždani]] (near [[Kičevo]]), [[Dragoš, North Macedonia|Dragošt]] and [[Raštani, Bitola|Hraštani]] (near [[Bitola]]), [[Velgošti|Vel'gošti]], [[Radožda]] (from "''Radobužda''"), [[Radolišta]] (from "''ou Radov'lišteh''") and [[Peštani]] (near [[Ohrid]] ), Graždeno near [[Resen, North Macedonia|Resen]] ([sic] now in Greece and known as [[Vrontero]]), {{interlanguage link|Rožden|sh}} (in [[Tikveš]]) — all data are from the 16th century (Selishchev 1933a: 22, 38, 63, 64, etc.; 1933b: 37)... The current name of one of the settlements around [[Prilep]], [[Krivogaštani]], has been known in this form from a charter from the 14th century: "in Krivogaštanekh" (Novakoviћ 1912: 666). In the vicinity of [[Kriva Palanka]], there are also local names with št, žd: {{interlanguage link|Baštevo|sh}}, [[Radibuš]] — from ''"Radiboužda"'' (''Radibouzhdou Gornou'') in a charter from 1358, (Novakoviћ 1912: 435); in the [[Kochani]] region: [[Dragobrašte]]; near [[Negotino]]: {{interlanguage link|Pešternica|sh}}, near [[Skopje]]: [[Pobožje]] — known as "''Побѫжда''" (Pobăžda) in the Virgin Charter by Tsar [[Konstantin Tih|Constantine Asen]] from the 13th century (Ivanov 1931: 582), Smrdeštec in a charter from 1300. (Selishchev 1933 6: 38) etc.; cf. also the settlement name [[Radoviš]], stemming from the older "''Радовишти''" (*Radovišti), in a charter from 1361 (Selishchev 1933 b: 38). Geographical names with št, žd are also attested around [[Prizren]] in [[Kosovo]], e.g., in a charter from the 14th century (Selishchev 1933 b: 40): {{interlanguage link|Nebregoštesh|sh}}, [[Dobrushta]], [[Sallagrazhdë]], {{interlanguage link|Graždanik|sh}}, [[Poslishtë]], [[Lubizhdë]], etc. In the West, the range of Old Bulgarian dialects would have extended to the river valleys of South Morava and [[Timok]], as can be judged from a whole series of geographic names (mainly settlements) incorporating ['''{{IPA|ʃt}}'''] and ['''{{IPA|ʒd}}'''] from Proto-Slavic *tj, *kt, *dj, preserved until now or very recently. For example: [[Dobroviš]] (from the older "''Добровищь''" (Dobrovišt)) — a village near [[Pirot]]; [[Dobrushta]] (from the 14th century) and {{interlanguage link|Ogošte|sh}} — a village near [[Gjilan]]; [[Tibužde]], [[Dragobužde]], [[Roždace]] (cf. Middle Bulgarian "рождакь" in the Slepcha Apostle and compare with Serbo-Croat "''roђak''" ('relative')) — villages in the vicinity of [[Vranje]], South Serbia; [[Žitorađa|Žitoražda]] and [[Žitorađe|Žitoražde]] — two villages near [[Prokuplje]] and [[Vladičin Han]]; [[Ljuberađa]] — a village near [[Pirot]]; [[Obražda]] — a village in the [[Lebane]] district; [[Rgošte]] — a village in the [[Knjaževac]] municipality (from the base Rgot-, which gives [[Rgotina]], a village in the [[Zaječar]] municipality and the Rgotska river). Some of these relic toponyms have already been eroded (for example, the official Serbian directories now read ''Žitorađa''/''Žitorađe'' and ''Ljuberađa'' instead of Žitoražda/Žitoražde and Ljuberažda), but most names have kept their original articulation]}} * {{note|1b|b}} {{IPA|/dz/}} appears mostly in early texts, becoming {{IPA|/z/}} later on. * {{note|1c|c}}The distinction between {{IPA|/l/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, and {{IPA|/r/}}, on one hand, and palatal {{IPA|/ʎ/}}, {{IPA|/ɲ/}}, and {{IPA|/ɼ/}}, on the other, is not always indicated in writing. When it is, it is shown by a [[palatalization mark|palatalization diacritic]] over the letter: ⟨ л҄ ⟩ ⟨ н҄ ⟩ ⟨ р҄ ⟩. [[File:"Miroslavljevo_jevanđelje"_prepisana_kopija%2C_eksponat_iz_zbirke_Pedagoškog_muzeja_u_Beogradu.jpg|thumb|266x266px|A page from the [[Miroslav Gospel|Gospel of Miroslav]], [[Serbia]]n [[Kingdom_of_Serbia_(medieval)|medieval]] manuscript, a 12th-century Byzantine-Slavonic book, [[National Library of Serbia]].]]
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