Editing Norwich (section)

===Middle Ages===
The first recorded presence of [[Jews]] in Norwich is 1134.<ref name="heritagecity1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.heritagecity.org/research-centre/churches-and-creeds/jews-in-norwich.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130806235625/http://www.heritagecity.org/research-centre/churches-and-creeds/jews-in-norwich.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=6 August 2013 |title=Jews in Norwich |publisher=Heritagecity.org |access-date=13 September 2013}}</ref> In 1144, the Jews of Norwich were falsely accused of [[blood libel|ritual murder]] after a boy ([[William of Norwich]]) was found dead with stab wounds.<ref name="heritagecity1"/> William acquired the status of martyr and was subsequently [[canonization|canonised]]. Pilgrims made offerings to a shrine at the Cathedral (largely finished by 1140) up to the 16th century, but the records suggest there were few of them.{{sfn |Nilson |2001 |p=157}} In 1174, Norwich was sacked by the [[Flemish people|Flemings]]. In February 1190, all the Jews of Norwich were massacred except for a few who found refuge in the castle. 

At the site of a medieval well, the bones of 17 individuals, including 11 children, were found in 2004 by workers preparing the ground for construction of a Norwich shopping centre. The remains were determined by [[forensic science|forensic scientists]] to be most probably the remains of such murdered Jews, and a [[Genetic genealogy|DNA]] expert determined that the victims were all related so that they probably came from one [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi Jewish]] family.{{sfn |Jewish Telegraphic Agency |2011}} The study of the remains featured in an episode of the [[BBC Television|BBC television]] documentary series ''[[History Cold Case]]''.<ref>{{Cite episode |title=The Bodies in the Well |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0125kbf |series=History Cold Case |network=[[BBC HD]] |airdate=28 June 2011 |series-no=2 |number=3 |access-date=25 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816170740/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0125kbf |archive-date=16 August 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> A research paper from 30 August 2022 confirmed the remains were most likely Ashkenazi Jews. The paper found that many of the victims had certain [[Jewish genetic diseases|medical disorders]] most often seen in Ashkenazi communities, suggesting that a [[population bottleneck]] had occurred among Ashkenazim before the 12th century.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brace |first1=Selina |last2=Diekmann |first2=Yoan |last3=Booth |first3=Thomas |last4=Macleod |first4=Ruairidh |last5=Timpson |first5=Adrian |last6=Stephen |first6=Will |last7=Emery |first7=Giles |last8=Cabot |first8=Sophie |last9=Thomas |first9=Mark G. |last10=Barnes |first10=Ian |date=30 August 2022 |title=Genomes from a medieval mass burial show Ashkenazi-associated hereditary diseases pre-date the 12th century |journal=Current Biology |volume=32 |issue=20 |pages=4350–4359.e6 |language=English |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.036 |issn=0960-9822 |pmid=36044903 |pmc=10499757 |bibcode=2022CBio...32E4350B |s2cid=251935757}}</ref> This challenged traditional views among historians that the bottleneck had happened between the 14th and 16th centuries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DNA from human remains found in medieval well shines new light on Jewish history |url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/press-office/press-releases/DNA-shines-new-light-on-Jewish-history.html |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=National History Museum |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Medieval mass burial shows centuries-earlier origin of Ashkenazi genetic bottleneck |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/08/220830131610.htm |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=ScienceDaily |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Ethelbert Gate from Tombland, Norwich, UK.jpg|thumb|St Ethelbert's Gate at Tombland was built as penance for riots which occurred in the 1270s.]]

In 1216, the castle fell to Louis, Dauphin of France, and Hildebrand's Hospital was founded, followed ten years later by the [[Franciscan]] Friary and [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] Friary. The Great Hospital dates from 1249 and the College of St Mary in the Field from 1250. In 1256, Whitefriars was founded. In 1266 the city was sacked by the "Disinherited". It has the distinction of being the only English city ever to be excommunicated, following a riot between citizens and monks in 1274.{{sfn |Blomefield |1806}} 

From 1280 to 1340 the [[defensive wall|city walls]] were built. At around {{cvt|2 + 1/2|mi|km}}, these walls, along with the river, enclosed a larger area than that of the [[City of London]]. However, when the city walls were constructed it was made illegal to build outside them, inhibiting the expansion of the city. Part of these walls remains standing today. Around this time, the city was made a [[county corporate]] and became the seat of one of the most densely populated and prosperous [[ancient counties of England|counties]] of England. The engine of trade was [[wool]] from Norfolk's [[sheepwalk]]s. Wool made England rich, and the [[staple right|staple port]] of Norwich "in her state doth stand With towns of high'st regard the fourth of all the land", as [[Michael Drayton]] noted in ''[[Poly-Olbion]]'' (1612). The wealth generated by the [[wool#History|wool trade]] throughout the [[Middle Ages]] financed the construction of many fine churches, so that Norwich still has more medieval churches than any other city in Western Europe north of the [[Alps]]. Throughout this period Norwich established wide-ranging trading links with other parts of Europe, its markets stretching from Scandinavia to Spain and the city housing a [[Hanseatic League|Hanseatic]] warehouse. To organise and control its exports to the [[Low Countries]], Great Yarmouth, as the port for Norwich, was designated one of the staple ports under the terms of the 1353 [[Statute of the Staple]].