Editing Nightcap National Park (section)

== Threatened flora and fauna ==

=== Mammals ===

[[File:Dasyurus maculatus - Bonorong.jpg|thumb|Spotted-tailed quoll ''([[Dasyurus maculatus]])'']]
Spotted-tailed quoll ''([[Tiger quoll|Dasyurus maculatus]])'' is an endangered species listed on the [[EPBC Act]]. It is a medium-sized marsupial carnivore, the largest of the ''Dasyurus'' species, distinguished by the white spots on the tail.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = ''Dasyurus maculatus'' |last = Menna|first = E.|date = 2001|journal = Mammalian Species|doi = 10.1644/1545-1410(2001)676<0001:dm>2.0.co;2 |display-authors=etal |volume=676 |pages=1–9| s2cid=198968522 }}</ref> The koala ([[Koala|Phascolarctos cinereus]]) is listed as vulnerable under the [[EPBC Act]]. The Parma wallaby ''([[Parma wallaby|Macropus parma]])'' is listed as vulnerable in NSW under the [[NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (TSC Act)]], is a small nocturnal, cryptic wallaby that was once thought to be extinct.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Assessing the Habitat of the Parma Wallaby, ''Macropus parma'' (Marsupialia: Macropodidae)|last1 = Read|first1 = D. G.|date = 1991|journal = Wildlife Research|doi = 10.1071/wr9910469|last2 = Fox|first2 = B. J. |volume=18 |issue = 4|pages=469}}</ref> Another species listed as vulnerable under the TSC Act is the yellow-bellied glider ''([[Yellow-bellied glider|Petaurus australis]])'' often found in old-growth wet sclerophyll forests. The rufous bettong ''([[Rufous rat-kangaroo|Aepyprymnus rufescens]])'' is a roughly 3&nbsp;kg marsupial that has significantly declined in range since European settlement.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Dispersal and population structure of the rufous bettong, Aepyprymnus rufescens (Marsupialia: Potoroidae)|last = Pope|first = L. C.|date = 2005|journal = Austral Ecology|doi = 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2005.01472.x|display-authors=etal |volume=30 |issue = 5|pages=572–580}}</ref> Long-nosed potoroo ''([[Long-nosed potoroo|Potorous tridactylus]])'' and red-legged pademelon ''([[Red-legged pademelon|Thylogale stigmatica]])'' are also listed.<ref name=":4" />

=== Bats ===

Many microbat and megabat species inhabit the park, several of which are threatened. The following bats are listed as vulnerable on the TSC Act: greater broad-nosed bat ''([[Rüppell's broad-nosed bat|Scoteanax rueppellii]])'', eastern long-eared bat ''([[Eastern long-eared bat|Nyctophilus bifax]])'', golden-tipped bat ''([[Golden-tipped bat|Kerivoula papuensis]])'', eastern false pipistrelle ''([[Eastern false pipistrelle|Falsistrellus tasmaniensis]])'', large-eared pied bat ''([[Large-eared pied bat|Chalinolobus dwyeri]])'', yellow-bellied sheathtail-bat ''([[Yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat|Saccolaimus flaviventris]])'', eastern tube-nosed bat ''([[Eastern tube-nosed bat|Nyctimene robinsoni]])'', little bentwing-bat ''([[Little bent-wing bat|Miniopterus australis]])'', Eastern bentwing-bat ''([[Common bent-wing bat|Miniopterus schreibersii]] oceanensis)'' and southern myotis ''([[Myotis macropus]]).''<ref name=":4" />
[[File:Red Goshawk.jpg|thumb|222x222px|Red goshawk (''Erythrotriorchis radiatus'')]]

=== Birds ===
[[File:Regenthoneyeater.JPG|thumb|left|Regent honeyeater (''[[Anthochaera phrygia]])'']]
The red goshawk ''([[Red goshawk|Erythrotriorchis radiatus]])'' is listed as critically endangered under the [[TSC Act]] and is vulnerable under the [[EPBC Act]]. It is a large raptor with a wingspan of up to 60&nbsp;cm that often preys upon smaller birds. It can be found nesting in tall trees along riparian vegetation.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Observations on the Biology of the Red Goshawk, Erythrotriorchis radiatus in Queensland|last = Czechura|first = G. V.|date = 2009|journal = Australian Field Ornithology|display-authors=etal}}</ref> The black-breasted button-quail (''[[Black-breasted buttonquail|Turnix melanogaster]])'' is also listed as critically endangered, due to 90% of its habitat being cleared since European settlement and the remainder of its rainforest habitat being highly fragmented.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Foraging by the endangered black-breasted button-quail (Turnix melanogaster) within fragmented rainforest of an agricultural landscape.|last1 = Smyth|first1 = A.K.|date = 2001|journal = Biological Conservation|doi = 10.1016/s0006-3207(00)00149-x|last2 = Pavey|first2 = C.R. |volume=98 |issue = 2|pages=149–157}}</ref> The rufous scrub-bird ''([[Rufous scrubbird|Atrichornis rufescens]])'' is a threatened bird on the [[TSC Act]]. This medium size (about 17&nbsp;cm body size) ground-dwelling bird that relies on dense ground vegetation for nesting.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Rufous Scrub-bird Atrichornis rufescens monitoring at the extremities of the species' range in New South Wales (2010–2012)|last = Newman|first = M.|date = 2014|journal = Australian Field Ornithology}}</ref> Another threatened species is the white-eared monarch ''([[White-eared monarch|Carterornis leucotis]])'', a small bird which relies on insects for the majority of its diet and nests high in the canopy near the rainforest edges.<ref>{{Cite web|title = White-eared Monarch - profile {{!}} NSW Environment & Heritage|url = http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspeciesapp/profile.aspx?id=10540|website = www.environment.nsw.gov.au|access-date = 2015-05-21}}</ref> The marbled frogmouth ''([[Marbled frogmouth|Podargus ocellatus]])'', related to the nightjars family, is a threatened bird listed on the [[TSC Act]]. It prefers rainforest creeks with Bangalow palms or ferns.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Marbled Frogmouth - profile {{!}} NSW Environment & Heritage|url = http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/profile.aspx?id=10640|website = www.environment.nsw.gov.au|access-date = 2015-05-21}}</ref> Several fruit-doves are listed as threatened on the TSC Act, including the superb fruit-dove ''([[Superb fruit dove|Ptilinopus superbus]]),'' the rose-crowned fruit-dove ''([[Rose-crowned fruit dove|Ptilinopus Regina]])'' and the wompoo fruit-dove ''([[Wompoo fruit dove|Ptilinopus magnificus]]).''<ref name=":4" /> The park contains the largest known population of the threatened Albert's lyrebird ''([[Albert's lyrebird|Menura alberti]])'', which is listed on the [[TSC Act]].<ref name=":3" /> There has been a single sighting of the regent honeyeater ''([[Regent honeyeater|Anthochaera Phrygia]])'' at the park. Due to loss of habitat it is listed as critically endangered on the [[TSC Act]] and endangered on the [[Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999|EPBC Act]]. The black and yellow bird with a wing span of 30&nbsp;cm has been for the last two decades the focus of a national conservation effort to save the species from extinction.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title = The recovery programme for the Regent honeyeater Anthochaera phrygia: an example of conservation collaboration in Australia.|last = Liu|first = S. C.|date = 2015|journal = International Zoo Yearbook|doi = 10.1111/izy.12040|display-authors=etal |volume=48 |pages=83–91}}</ref>

=== Frogs ===

[[File:Mixophyes fleayi.JPG|thumb|left|Fleay's barred frog (''[[Mixophyes fleayi]]'')]]
Two frog species are classified as endangered on the [[EPBC Act]]. One is the Fleay's barred frog ''([[Fleay's barred frog|Mixophyes fleayi]])'', a large frog of 90mm that relies on small streams in rainforest habitat.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Population Recovery following Decline in an Endangered Stream-Breeding Frog (Mixophyes fleayi) from Subtropical Australia.|last = Newell|first = D.A.|date = 2013|journal = PLOS ONE|doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0058559|pmid = 23516509|display-authors=etal |volume=8 |issue = 3|pages=e58559 |pmc=3596276| bibcode=2013PLoSO...858559N |doi-access = free}}</ref> The other is the giant barred frog ''([[Giant barred frog|Mixophyes iteratus]])'', a large frog up to 108mm with a powerful build.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = The relationship between environmental conditions and activity of the giant barred frog (Mixophyes iteratus) on the Coomera River, south-east Queensland.|last1 = Kosh|first1 = A.J.|date = 2007|journal = Australian Journal of Zoology|doi = 10.1071/zo06017|last2 = Hero|first2 = J.M. |volume=55 |issue = 2|pages=89}}</ref> There is an endangered species listed under the [[TSC Act]] called Loveridge's frog ''([[Loveridge's frog|Philoria loveridgei]])'', a small ground-dwelling frog of 30mm in size. The pouched frog ''([[Pouched frog|Assa darlingtoni]])'' and green-thighed frog ''([[Green-thighed frog|Litoria brevipalmata]])'' are both listed as vulnerable under the [[TSC Act]]. All of these frogs are mainly threatened by the chytrid fungus.

=== Reptiles ===

Two species of reptiles are listed as vulnerable on the TSC Act. The Stephens' banded snake ''([[Hoplocephalus stephensii]])'' is a one metre long tree-dwelling snake that hunts at night.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Stephens' Banded Snake - profile {{!}} NSW Environment & Heritage|url = http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/profile.aspx?id=10414|website = www.environment.nsw.gov.au|access-date = 2015-05-21}}</ref> The three-toed snake-tooth skink ''([[Three-toed snake-tooth skink|Coeranoscincus reticulatus]])'' is a borrowing lizard that has a body length of 23&nbsp;cm and is also listed as vulnerable under the [[EPBC Act]].<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|title = Three-toed Snake-tooth Skink - profile {{!}} NSW Environment & Heritage|url = http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/profile.aspx?id=10172|website = www.environment.nsw.gov.au|access-date = 2015-05-21}}</ref> 
[[File:Eidothea hardeniana flower multi.JPG|thumb|Nightcap oak ''(Eidothea hardeniana)'' flowering]]

=== Trees ===

The Nightcap oak ''([[Eidothea hardeniana]])'' is listed as critically endangered under the [[EPBC Act]]. It was discovered in 2000 and has a locally restricted single population on the southern side of the Nightcap Range. 15–20 million years old fossil fruits found near [[Ballarat]], Victoria suggest that the genus Eidothea and rainforest were historically widespread.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Eidothea hardeniana – Nightcap Oak|url = http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=76351|website = www.environment.gov.au|access-date = 2015-05-21}}</ref> There are also several endangered species of trees on the EPBC Act, including the southern ochrosia ''([[Ochrosia moorei]])'' with a range from the Gold Coast to Coffs Harbour. The Minyon quandong ''([[Elaeocarpus sedentarius]])'' was thought to be extinct until 1992, and is found in only three nature reserves: Nightcap NP, [[Jerusalem National Park|Jerusalem NP]] and Whian Whian SCA. The peach myrtle ''([[Uromyrtus australis]])'' has a similar range to the Minyon Quandong.

=== Other flora ===
The following species are all listed as Endangered under the [[TSC Act]]: Coast Euodia ''([[Melicope vitiflora]])'', ''[[Amyema plicatula]]'', short-footed screw fern ''([[Lindsaea brachypoda]])'', green-leaved rose walnut (''[[Endiandra muelleri]]'' subsp. ''bracteata''), narrow-leaf finger fern ''([[Grammitis stenophylla]])'' and tree guinea flower ''([[Hibbertia hexandra]])''. The majority of these are listed because of their restricted range, and are threatened by habitat clearing, fragmentation, fire, and local extinction due to small populations and illegal collection.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|title = Coast Euodia - profile {{!}} NSW Environment & Heritage|url = http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspeciesapp/profile.aspx?id=10522|website = www.environment.nsw.gov.au|access-date = 2015-05-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Short-footed Screw Fern - profile {{!}} NSW Environment & Heritage|url = http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/profile.aspx?id=10480|website = www.environment.nsw.gov.au|access-date = 2015-05-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Green-leaved Rose Walnut - profile {{!}} NSW Environment & Heritage|url = http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspeciesapp/profile.aspx?id=10271|website = www.environment.nsw.gov.au|access-date = 2015-05-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Narrow-leaf Finger Fern - profile {{!}} NSW Environment & Heritage|url = http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/profile.aspx?id=10356|website = www.environment.nsw.gov.au|access-date = 2015-05-22}}</ref>