Editing Newcastle upon Tyne (section)

===16th to 19th centuries===
[[File:Newcastle-upon-Tyne from New Chatham engraving by William Miller after T Allom.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|left|An engraving by [[William Miller (engraver)|William Miller]] of Newcastle in 1832, as seen from [[Gateshead]]]]
From 1530, a royal act restricted all shipments of coal from [[Tyneside]] to [[Newcastle Quayside]], giving a monopoly in the coal trade to a cartel of Newcastle burgesses known as the [[The Hostmen of Newcastle-upon-Tyne|Hostmen]]. This monopoly, which lasted for a considerable time, helped Newcastle prosper and develop into a major town. The phrase ''[[Coals to Newcastle|taking coals to Newcastle]]'' was first recorded contextually in 1538.<ref name=coalsNewcastle>{{cite book |last = Morely |first = Paul |title = The North (And Almost Everything In It) |publisher = Bloomsbury |date = 6 June 2013 |page = [https://archive.org/details/northandalmostev0000morl/page/542 542] |isbn = 9780747578161 |url = https://archive.org/details/northandalmostev0000morl/page/542}}</ref> The phrase itself means a pointless pursuit.<ref name=coalsToNewcastle>{{cite book |last = Ayto |first = John |title = Oxford Dictionary of English Idioms |publisher = Oxford University Press|edition = 3rd |date = 8 July 2010 |page = 68 |isbn = 978-0199543786}}</ref> In the 18th century, the American entrepreneur [[Timothy Dexter]], regarded as an eccentric, defied this idiom. He was persuaded to sail a shipment of coal to Newcastle by merchants plotting to ruin him; however, his shipment arrived on the Tyne during a strike that had crippled local production, allowing him to turn a considerable profit.<ref name="knapp">{{cite book |last = Knapp |first = Samuel L. |title = Life of Lord Timothy Dexter: Embracing sketches of the eccentric characters that composed his associates, including "Dexter's Pickle for the knowing ones" |publisher = J. E. Tilton and Company |date = 1858 |location = Boston |url = http://search.abaa.org/dbp2/book204715555.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071202095808/http://search.abaa.org/dbp2/book204715555.html |archive-date = 2 December 2007 |df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="nash">{{cite book |last = Nash |first = Jay Robert |title = Zanies, The World's Greatest Eccentrics |url = https://archive.org/details/zaniesworldsgrea00nash |url-access = registration |publisher = New Century |date = 1982 |isbn=0-8329-0123-7}}</ref>

[[File:Victoria Tunnel (Newcastle) near Ouse Street 2010-02-19.jpg|thumb|right| [[Victoria Tunnel (Newcastle)|Victoria Tunnel]], built to transport coal<ref name=VTunnel201401>{{cite web |last = Hudson |first = Jules |title = Victoria Tunnel |quote = By 1935, every city in the UK had been given a document by the government, declaring that in the event of war, every city should have air raid protection&nbsp;... |publisher = BBC |date = 22 March 2013 |url =https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01n3kv4 |access-date = 21 January 2014}}</ref>]]
In the Sandgate area, to the east of the city, and beside the river, resided the close-knit community of [[keelmen]] and their families.<ref name=keelmen>{{cite web |last=Davison |first=Yvonne |title=Sandgate and the Keelmen |publisher=Newcastle University |url=http://www.ncl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/exhibitions/current-and-past-exhibitions/so/sandgate.php |access-date=17 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141346/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/exhibitions/current-and-past-exhibitions/so/sandgate.php |archive-date=2 April 2015 }}</ref> They were so called because they worked on the keels, boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting [[Collier (ship)|colliers]], for export to London and elsewhere. In the 1630s, about 7,000 out of 20,000 inhabitants of Newcastle died of [[Black Death in England|plague]], more than one-third of the population.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Plague |volume=21 |page=695}}</ref> Specifically within the year 1636, it is roughly estimated with evidence held by the [[Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne|Society of Antiquaries]] that 47% of the then population of Newcastle died from the epidemic; this may also have been the most devastating loss in any British city in this period.<ref name=Plag1636>{{cite web |last = Bower |first = Ian |title = Ebola and Plague in Newcastle in 1636 |publisher = Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums |date = 22 October 2014 |url = http://www.twmuseums.org.uk/engage/blog/ebola-and-plague-in-newcastle-in-1636/|access-date = 24 November 2014}}</ref>

[[File:The Quayside, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1961 (15657916212).jpg|alt=|thumb|Newcastle was once a major industrial centre, particularly for coal and shipping.]]
During the [[English Civil War]], the North declared for the King.<ref name=northCWar>{{cite web |last = <!--History.com Staff -->|title = English civil wars |work = History.com |publisher = A+E Networks |year = 2009 |url = http://www.history.com/topics/british-history/english-civil-wars |access-date = 20 June 2015}}</ref> In a bid to gain Newcastle and the Tyne, [[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell]]'s allies, the Scots, captured the town of [[Newburn]]. In 1644, the Scots then captured the reinforced fortification on the Lawe in [[South Shields]] following a siege and the city was [[Siege of Newcastle|besieged for many months]]. It was eventually stormed ("with roaring drummes") and sacked by Cromwell's allies. The grateful King bestowed the [[motto]] {{lang|la|Fortiter Defendit Triumphans}} ("Triumphing by a brave defence") upon the town. Charles I was imprisoned in Newcastle by the Scots in 1646–47.<ref name=civilWar>{{cite web |title = Civil War |work = The Northern Echo |date = 10 March 2009 |url = http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/history/war/border/4189653.Civil_War/ |access-date = 17 April 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Newcastle City Centre 17.9.1917.jpg|thumb|left|Newcastle city centre, 1917, with [[St James' Park]] football ground above and left of centre]]
Newcastle opened its first [[lunatic asylum]] in 1767.<ref name=lunaticAsylum1767>{{cite book | last = Southwick | first =Michael | title =Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Fragments of the Past |volume=1 | location = Newcastle | publisher = Great North Children's Hospital | year = 2021 |quote=the Lunatic Asylum for the counties of Newcastle, Northumberland and Durham. It was erected by public subscription in 1767}}</ref> The asylum catered for people from the counties of Newcastle, Durham and Northumberland.<ref name=lunaticAsylum1767/>

[[The Newcastle Eccentrics of the 19th century]] were a group of unrelated people who lived in and around the centre of Newcastle and its Quayside between the end of the 18th and early/mid 19th century. They are depicted in a painting by [[Henry Perlee Parker]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://shop.artuk.org/eccentric-characters-of-newcastle-36381.html|title=Eccentric Characters of Newcastle|publisher=Art UK|access-date=21 July 2024}}</ref>

Newcastle was the country's fourth largest print centre after London, [[Oxford]] and [[Cambridge]],<ref name=pPressNewc>{{cite web| last = Maples| first = Ben| title = Things to Do in Newcastle| website = universitycompare.com| date = 12 July 2024| url = https://universitycompare.com/guides/city/newcastle
| access-date = 29 March 2025}}</ref><ref name=printPNewc1710>{{cite web| last = Johnson| first = Ben| title = Newcastle-upon-Tyne| quote = By the eighteenth century the printing industry was the fourth biggest in UK (after London, Oxford and Cambridge) and the Newcastle Gazette and the Newcastle Courant were the first newspapers in circulation in northern England when they were introduced in 1710 and 1711. | website = historic-uk.com| date = 29 March 2025| url = https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryMagazine/DestinationsUK/NewcastleuponTyne/| access-date = 29 March 2025}}</ref> and the [[Literary and Philosophical Society]] of 1793,<ref name="printing2010-07-26">{{cite web |title = We take a closer look at the vibrant city of Newcastle |quote = By the 18th century Newcastle was the country's fourth largest print centre after London, Oxford and Cambridge. Newcastle's Literary and Philosophical Society, founded in 1793 and now known as simply the Lit and Phil, predated the London Library by half a century. |url = http://domain2160104.sites.fasthosts.com/documents/LivingNorth.pdf |access-date = 26 July 2010 }}{{dead link |date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> with its erudite debates and large stock of books in several languages, predated the [[London Library]] by half a century.<ref name="printing2010-07-26"/> Some founder members of the [[Literary and Philosophical Society]] were abolitionists.<ref name=litPhil>{{cite web | url = http://collectionsprojects.org.uk/slavery/_files/research-zone/South_Shields_and_the_Slave_Trade.pdf | title = Remembering Slavery | last = Lilley | first = Tasmin | date = June 2008 | website = collectionsprojects.org.uk | access-date = 26 July 2021|archive-date = 24 October 2018 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20181024193102/http://collectionsprojects.org.uk/slavery/_files/research-zone/South_Shields_and_the_Slave_Trade.pdf| quote = }}</ref>{{sps|date=March 2025}} Newcastle also became a glass producer with a reputation for brilliant [[flint glass]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oldandsold.com/articles02/glass-n.shtml |title=Glass (N) – Encyclopedia of Antiques |publisher=Oldandsold.com |date=2 December 1994 |access-date=4 August 2010}}{{dead link|date=March 2025}}</ref>

A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of [[Fenham Barracks]] in 1806.<ref name=history>{{cite web |url=http://cameron.uk.tripod.com/leazes/history.html |first=Anthony |last=Jackson |date=7 March 2003 |title=The Building of Newcastle Barracks (later known as Fenham Barracks) |access-date=29 March 2014}}</ref>{{sps|certain=y|date=March 2025}}

The [[great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead]] was a tragic and spectacular series of events starting on Friday 6 October 1854, in which a substantial amount of property in the two North East of England towns was destroyed in a series of fires and an explosion which killed 53 and injured hundreds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://quaysidelives.ncl.ac.uk/2012/11/last-surviving-building-from-great-fire/ |title=Last surviving building from Great Fire |publisher=Quayside Lives |access-date=25 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630234941/http://quaysidelives.ncl.ac.uk/2012/11/last-surviving-building-from-great-fire/ |archive-date=30 June 2017 }}</ref>

The status of city was granted to Newcastle on 3 June 1882.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/history/recalling-fascinating-history-city-newcastle-14868748 |title=Recalling the fascinating history of the city of Newcastle – from A to Z |date=6 July 2018 |publisher=Chronicle Live |access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref> In the 19th century, [[shipbuilding]] and [[History of Newcastle upon Tyne#Locomotive manufacture|heavy engineering]] were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the [[Industrial Revolution]].<ref name=IndRev201401>{{cite web |title = The History of Newcastle upon Tyne |quote = Shipbuilding and heavy engineering developed fast and Newcastle became the powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution in Britain |publisher = information-britain.co.uk |url = http://www.information-britain.co.uk/history/town/Newcastle%20upon%20Tyne84/ |access-date = 23 January 2014}}{{dead link|date=March 2025}}</ref> This revolution resulted in the urbanisation of the city.<ref name=Urb2014-01>{{cite web |title=A history of urbanisation in Britain |publisher=BBC Learning Zone |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/a-history-of-urbanisation-in-britain/7811.html |access-date=23 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106000437/http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/a-history-of-urbanisation-in-britain/7811.html |archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref> In 1817 the Maling company, at one time the largest pottery company in the world, moved to the city.<ref name=pottery>{{cite web |title=Mailing pottery |publisher=Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums |url=http://www.twmuseums.org.uk/laing/northernspirit/maling-pottery/ |access-date=17 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411151215/http://www.twmuseums.org.uk/laing/northernspirit/maling-pottery/ |archive-date=11 April 2015}}</ref> The Victorian industrial revolution brought industrial structures that included the {{convert|2+1/2|mi|km|0|adj=on}} [[Victoria Tunnel (Newcastle)|Victoria Tunnel]], built in 1842, which provided underground wagon ways to the [[Jetty|staithes]].<ref name=VTunnel2014012>{{cite web |title=Tunnel History |publisher=Ouseburn Trust |url=http://ouseburntrust.org.uk/index.php?page=tunnel-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828034802/http://ouseburntrust.org.uk/index.php?page=tunnel-history |archive-date=28 August 2012 |access-date=21 January 2014 }}</ref> On 3 February 1879, Mosley Street in the city, was the first public road in the world to be lit up by the [[Street light|incandescent lightbulb]].<ref name=jswan2014061>{{cite web |url=http://home.frognet.net/~ejcov/jwswan.html |first=Edward J. |last=Covington |title=Sir Joseph Wilson Swan |publisher=home.frognet.net |access-date=16 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510005841/http://home.frognet.net/~ejcov/jwswan.html |archive-date=10 May 2011}}</ref>{{sps|certain=y|date=March 2025}}<ref name=jswan2014062>{{cite web |url=http://www.rsc.org/Chemsoc/Activities/ChemicalLandmarks/UK/JosephSwan.asp |title=Sir Joseph Swan, The Literary & Philosophical Society of Newcastle |date=3 February 2009 |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry |access-date=16 October 2010}}</ref> Newcastle was one of the first cities in the world to be lit up by electric lighting.<ref name=Mosely>{{cite web |title=Electric lighting |publisher=Newcastle University |url=http://www.ncl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/exhibitions/current-and-past-exhibitions/very_truly_yours/science/swan/electric_light/ |access-date=3 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606212620/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/exhibitions/current-and-past-exhibitions/very_truly_yours/science/swan/electric_light/ |archive-date=6 June 2014 }}</ref> Innovations in Newcastle and surrounding areas included the development of [[Davy lamp|safety lamps]], [[Stephenson's Rocket]], [[William George Armstrong|Lord Armstrong]]'s artillery, [[Be-Ro]] flour,<ref name=bero2011>{{cite web |title=The Birth of Be-Ro |publisher=Be-Ro |date=1 August 2011 |url=http://www.be-ro.co.uk/f_about.htm |access-date=17 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512032733/http://www.be-ro.co.uk/f_about.htm |archive-date=12 May 2015}}</ref> [[Lucozade]],<ref>{{cite news|title=We did it first|url=http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/business/news/10317055.We_did_it_first/|work=The Northern Echo|date=27 March 2013}}</ref> [[Joseph Swan]]'s [[electric light]] bulbs, and [[Charles Algernon Parsons|Charles Parsons]]' invention of the [[steam turbine]], which led to the revolution of marine propulsion and the production of [[Electrical generator|cheap electricity]]. In 1882, Newcastle became the seat of an [[Diocese of Newcastle|Anglican diocese]], with [[Newcastle Cathedral|St. Nicholas' Church]] becoming its cathedral.<ref name=Cathedral1882>{{cite web |title = The Cathedral Church of St Nicholas |publisher = Newcastle Diocese |url = http://www.newcastle.anglican.org/people-and-places/our-cathedral.aspx |access-date = 17 April 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150621225337/http://www.newcastle.anglican.org/people-and-places/our-cathedral.aspx |archive-date = 21 June 2015 |df = dmy-all }}</ref>