Editing New Haven, Connecticut (section)

=== Post-industrial era and urban redevelopment ===

New Haven's expansion continued during the two World Wars, with most new inhabitants being African Americans from the [[Southern United States|American South]], and [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Ricans]]. The city reached its peak population after [[World War II]]. The area of New Haven is only {{convert|17|sqmi|km2|0}}, encouraging further development of new housing after 1950 in adjacent, suburban towns. Moreover, as in other U.S. cities in the [[United States in the 1950s|1950s]], New Haven began to suffer [[white flight]] of middle-class workers. One author suggested that aggressive [[redlining]] and rezoning made it difficult for residents to obtain financing for older, deteriorating urban housing stock, thereby condemning such structures to deterioration.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://politicalscience.yale.edu/publications/city-urbanism-and-its-end-institution-social-and-policy-st |title=City: Urbanism and Its End (The Institution for Social and Policy St) – Department of Political Science |website=politicalscience.yale.edu |access-date=October 2, 2017 |archive-date=May 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529102003/http://politicalscience.yale.edu/publications/city-urbanism-and-its-end-institution-social-and-policy-st |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=October 2017|reason=Non-free source cited; additional source needed to support this assertion}}

In 1954, then-mayor [[Richard C. Lee]] began some of the earliest major [[urban renewal]] projects in the United States. Certain sections of [[downtown New Haven]] were redeveloped to include museums, new office towers, a hotel, and large shopping complexes.<ref name="time.com">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,825008,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019193231/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,825008,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 19, 2011 |magazine=Time |title=CITIES: Forward Look in Connecticut |date=June 24, 1957 |access-date=May 20, 2010 }}</ref> Other parts of the city, particularly the Wooster Square and [[Fair Haven (New Haven)|Fair Haven]] neighborhoods were affected by the construction of [[Interstate 95 in Connecticut|Interstate 95]] along the Long Wharf section, [[Interstate 91]], and the [[Oak Street Connector]]. The Oak Street Connector ([[Connecticut Route 34|Route 34]]), running between Interstate 95, downtown, and [[The Hill (New Haven)|The Hill]] neighborhood, was originally intended as a highway to the city's western suburbs but was only completed as a highway to the downtown area, with the area to the west becoming a boulevard (See "Redevelopment" below).

In 1970, a [[New Haven Black Panther trials|series of criminal prosecutions]] against various members of the [[Black Panther Party]] took place in New Haven, inciting mass protests on the New Haven Green involving twelve thousand demonstrators and many well-known [[New Left]] political activists. (See "Political Culture" below for more information). From the 1960s through the early 1990s, some areas of New Haven continued to decline both economically and in terms of population despite attempts to resurrect certain neighborhoods through renewal projects. In conjunction with its declining population, New Haven experienced a steep rise in its [[crime rate]].

Since approximately 2000, many parts of downtown New Haven have been revitalized with new restaurants, nightlife, and small retail stores. In particular, the area surrounding the New Haven Green has experienced an influx of apartments and condominiums. In addition, two new supermarkets opened to serve downtown's growing residential population: a Stop & Shop opened just west of downtown, while Elm City Market, located one block from the Green, opened in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/29/realestate/commercial-property-connecticut-downtown-new-haven-s-multifaceted-rehabilitation.html?scp=1&sq=connecticut%20financial%20center%20new%20haven&st=cse |work=The New York Times |title=Commercial Property/Connecticut; Downtown New Haven's Multifaceted Rehabilitation |first=Eleanor |last=Charles |date=September 29, 2002 |access-date=February 11, 2017 |archive-date=July 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701025212/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/29/realestate/commercial-property-connecticut-downtown-new-haven-s-multifaceted-rehabilitation.html?scp=1&sq=connecticut%20financial%20center%20new%20haven&st=cse |url-status=live }}</ref> The recent turnaround of downtown New Haven has received positive press from various periodicals.<ref name="Charles">{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9500E5DD103FF930A35757C0A9639C8B63 |work=The New York Times |first=Eleanor |last=Charles |date=April 3, 2005 |access-date=May 20, 2010 |title=LIVING IN/Downtown New Haven; An Infusion of Energy in Yale's Backyard |archive-date=June 8, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608041915/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9500E5DD103FF930A35757C0A9639C8B63 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/0dbad50a-0621-11df-8c97-00144feabdc0.html |title=/ House & Home – Downtown on an upturn |publisher=Ft.com |date=January 22, 2010 |access-date=September 28, 2011 |archive-date=June 8, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608173734/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/0dbad50a-0621-11df-8c97-00144feabdc0.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/realestate/21wczo.html?pagewanted=print |work=The New York Times |title=On Renewing New Haven |first=Lisa |last=Prevost |date=January 21, 2007 |access-date=May 20, 2010 |archive-date=May 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512184323/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/realestate/21wczo.html?pagewanted=print |url-status=live }}</ref>

Major projects include the current construction of a new campus for Gateway Community College downtown, and also a 32-story, 500-unit apartment/retail building called [[360 State Street]]. The 360 State Street project is now occupied and is the largest residential building in Connecticut.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newyork.construction.com/features/archive/2009/06_C_360_State_Street.asp |title=360 State Street &#124; New York Construction &#124; McGraw-Hill Construction |publisher=New York Construction |access-date=September 28, 2011 |archive-date=September 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929133445/http://newyork.construction.com/features/archive/2009/06_C_360_State_Street.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> A new boathouse and dock is planned for New Haven Harbor, and the linear park [[Farmington Canal Trail]] is set to extend into downtown New Haven within the coming year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/uploads/Gateway%20Community%20College.jpg |format=JPG |title=Photographic image |website=Cityofnewhaven.com |access-date=March 12, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329220946/https://www.cityofnewhaven.com/uploads/Gateway%20Community%20College.jpg |archive-date=March 29, 2012 }}</ref> Additionally, foundation and ramp work to widen I-95 to create a new harbor crossing for New Haven, with an extradosed bridge to replace the 1950s-era [[Pearl Harbor Memorial Bridge (Connecticut)|Q Bridge]], has begun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhregister.com/articles/2010/02/23/news/new_haven/a1_--_dot_openhouse_0224.txt |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906105611/http://www.nhregister.com/articles/2010/02/23/news/new_haven/a1_--_dot_openhouse_0224.txt |url-status=dead |title=New Haven Register – Serving Greater New Haven, CT |archive-date=September 6, 2012 |access-date=April 7, 2021 }}</ref> The city still hopes to redevelop the site of the [[New Haven Coliseum]], which was demolished in 2007.

In April 2009, the [[United States Supreme Court]] agreed to [[Ricci v. DeStefano|hear a suit]] over [[reverse discrimination]] brought by 18 white firefighters against the city. The suit involved the 2003 promotion test for the New Haven Fire Department. After the tests were scored, no [[African American|black]] firefighters scored high enough to qualify for consideration for promotion, so the city announced that no one would be promoted. In the subsequent ''[[Ricci v. DeStefano]]'' decision the court found 5–4 that New Haven's decision to ignore the test results violated [[Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Standler |first=Ronald |date=May 30, 2009 |url=http://www.rbs0.com/ricci.pdf |title=Full Text of Judicial Opinions in ''Ricci v. DeStefano'' |work=[[personal website]] |access-date=June 6, 2009 |archive-date=October 14, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014235716/http://rbs0.com/ricci.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result, a district court subsequently ordered the city to promote 14 of the white firefighters.<ref>"New Haven Firefighter Should Have Intervened In Ricci Suit." ''Connecticut Law Tribune'' (2010).</ref>

In 2010 and 2011, state and federal funds were awarded to Connecticut (and Massachusetts) to construct the [[Hartford Line]], with a southern terminus at New Haven's [[Union Station (New Haven)|Union Station]] and a northern terminus at [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield's]] Union Station.<ref name="nhhsrail.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.nhhsrail.com/ |title=New Haven – Hartford – Springfield Rail Project |publisher=Nhhsrail.com |access-date=September 28, 2011 |archive-date=October 6, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006032221/http://www.nhhsrail.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the [[White House]], "This corridor [currently] has one train per day connecting communities in Connecticut and Massachusetts to the [[Northeast Corridor]] and [[Vermont]]. The vision for this corridor is to restore the alignment to its original route via the [[Knowledge Corridor]] in [[western Massachusetts]], improving trip time and increasing the population base that can be served."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/fact-sheet-high-speed-intercity-passenger-rail-program-northeast |title=Fact Sheet: High Speed Intercity Passenger Rail Program: Northeast Region &#124; The White House |date=January 28, 2010 |access-date=September 28, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121104613/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/fact-sheet-high-speed-intercity-passenger-rail-program-northeast |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |archive-date=January 21, 2017 }}</ref> Set for construction in 2013, the "Knowledge Corridor high speed intercity passenger rail" project will cost approximately $1&nbsp;billion, and the ultimate northern terminus for the project is reported to be [[Montreal]] in Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canadianbusiness.com/markets/market_news/article.jsp?content=D9M1KRP00 |title=News & Markets |publisher=CanadianBusiness.com |access-date=September 28, 2011}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic }}</ref> Train speeds between will reportedly exceed {{convert|110|mph}} and increase both cities' rail traffic exponentially.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.progressivefix.com/tag/110-mph |title=110 Mph &#124; Progressive Policy Institute |publisher=Progressivefix.com |access-date=September 28, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320211401/http://www.progressivefix.com/tag/110-mph |archive-date=March 20, 2012 }}</ref>