Editing Natural Born Killers (section)

== Production ==
=== Concept ===
''Natural Born Killers'' was based on a [[Quentin Tarantino's unrealized projects#The Open Road|screenplay]] written by [[Quentin Tarantino]], in which a married couple suddenly decide to go on a [[killing spree]].{{sfn|Kolker|2000|p=65}} Tarantino had sold an option for his script to producers [[Jane Hamsher]] and [[Don Murphy]] for $10,000 after he had tried, and failed, to direct it himself for $500,000.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hamsher |first=Jane |title=Killer Instinct |publisher=Broadway |year=1998 |isbn=0-7679-0075-8 |pages=48–51}}</ref> Hamsher and Murphy subsequently sold the screenplay to [[Warner Bros.]] Around the same time, [[Oliver Stone]] was made aware of the script. He was keen to find something more straightforward than his previous production, ''[[Heaven & Earth (1993 film)|Heaven & Earth]]'' (1993), a difficult shoot which had left him exhausted.

David Veloz, associate producer Richard Rutowski, and Stone rewrote Tarantino's script, keeping much of the dialogue but changing the focus of the film from journalist Wayne Gale to Mickey and Mallory. The script was revised so drastically that Tarantino was credited for the story only.<ref name="spectacle">{{Cite web |last=Gleiberman |first=Owen |date=August 25, 2019 |title=Twenty-Five Years Later, Oliver Stone's 'Natural Born Killers' Is, More than Ever, the Spectacle of Our Time (Column) |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/columns/natural-born-killers-25th-anniversary-oliver-stone-the-spectacle-of-our-time-1203313212/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826100142/https://variety.com/2019/film/columns/natural-born-killers-25th-anniversary-oliver-stone-the-spectacle-of-our-time-1203313212/ |archive-date=August 26, 2019 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> In a 1993 interview, Tarantino stated that he did not hold any animosity towards Stone, and that he wished the film well.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fuller |first=Graham |title=Quentin Tarantino: Interviews |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |year=1998 |isbn=1-57806-051-6 |editor-last=Peary, Gerald |pages=57–59 |chapter=Graham Fuller/1993}}</ref>

Initially, when producers Hamsher and Murphy had first brought the script to Stone's attention, he had envisioned it as an action film; "something [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] would be proud of."<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite news |title='Chaos Rising: The Storm Around Natural Born Killers' (DVD Featurette)}}</ref> As the project developed however, incidents such as the [[O. J. Simpson murder case|O. J. Simpson case]], the [[Lyle and Erik Menendez|Menendez brothers]] case, the [[Tonya Harding]]/[[Nancy Kerrigan]] incident, the [[Rodney King]] incident, and the [[Waco siege]] all took place. Stone came to feel that the media was heavily involved in the outcome of all of these cases, and that the media had become an all-pervasive entity which marketed violence and suffering for the good of ratings. As such, he changed the tone of the film from one of purely action to a "vicious, coldhearted [[farce]]" on the media.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Levy |first=Emanuel |url=https://archive.org/details/cinemaofoutsider0000levy |title=Cinema of Outsiders: The Rise of American Independent Film |date=1999-09-01 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-5289-0 |language=en |quote=stone natural born killers  farce. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Coloring Stone's approach to the material, and contributing to the violent nature of the film, were the anger and sadness he felt at the breakdown of his second marriage.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cadwalladr |first=Carole |date=18 July 2010 |title=Oliver Stone and the politics of film-making |work=The Observer |location=paragraph 19 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/jul/18/oliver-stone-chavez-wall-street |access-date=22 July 2010 |archive-date=January 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116183712/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/jul/18/oliver-stone-chavez-wall-street |url-status=live }}</ref> He also said in an interview that the film was influenced by the "vitality" of [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 27, 2010 |title=Oliver Stone 'loves' Indian cinema |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11635754 |access-date=June 20, 2018 |archive-date=November 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128080258/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11635754 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Stone cast Woody Harrelson partly because, "frankly, he had that American, trashy look. There's something about Woody that evokes Kentucky or [[white trash]]."{{sfn|Seitz|2016|p=307}} At the time, Harrelson was primarily known for his comedic performances, namely his role on the sitcom ''[[Cheers (TV series)|Cheers]]'', and Stone was compelled to cast him against type.<ref name=qa /> Stone cast Lewis for a similar reason, noting that, despite her success as portraying a defiled teenage daughter in ''[[Cape Fear (1991 film)|Cape Fear]]'' (1991), he felt she could "pull off white trash, too. Juliette has malice in her eyes. She's got adorable eyes, but they jump and they gleam. I just felt they [were both] right. They didn't feel like they were upper-class people."{{sfn|Seitz|2016|p=307}} Stone tried to convince Lewis to gain muscle mass for her role as Mallory so that she looked tougher, but she refused, saying she wanted the character to look like a pushover, not a bodybuilder.<ref name="Director">{{Cite news |title=Director's Commentary (DVD Extra)}}</ref>

Robert Downey Jr. was cast as Wayne Gale, the reporter chronicling the Knoxes;{{sfn|Seitz|2016|p=239}} Downey prepared for his role as reporter Wayne Gale by spending time with Australian TV shock-king [[Steve Dunleavy]], and later convinced Stone to allow him to portray Gale with an Australian accent.<ref name="qa">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Kyle |date=October 13, 2009 |title=Oliver Stone Q&A: 'Natural Born Killers' |url=https://nypost.com/2009/10/13/oliver-stone-qa-natural-born-killers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190930074451/https://nypost.com/2009/10/13/oliver-stone-qa-natural-born-killers/ |archive-date=September 30, 2019 |website=[[New York Post]]}}</ref> Tom Sizemore was cast as Detective Jack Scagnetti, the psychotic police officer with murderous impulses himself,{{sfn|Seitz|2016|p=240}} while Tommy Lee Jones was cast as Dwight McClusky, a prison warden who appears in the last act of the film.{{sfn|Seitz|2016|p=240}} Rodney Dangerfield, primarily known as a stand-up comedian, portrayed Mallory's rapist father and was allowed by Stone to rewrite all of his own character's lines.<ref name="LA-Rodney">{{Cite web |date=August 21, 1994 |title=MOVIES : Natural Born Actor : Comic titan Rodney Dangerfield is getting respect for his performance as a hateful dad in 'Natural Born Killers' |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-08-21-ca-29578-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=May 27, 2013 |archive-date=September 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915025650/http://articles.latimes.com/1994-08-21/entertainment/ca-29578_1_natural-born-killers |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] took 56 days to shoot.<ref name="Director" /> Filming locations included the [[Rio Grande Gorge Bridge]] just west of [[Taos, New Mexico]], where the wedding scene was filmed, and [[Stateville Correctional Center]] in [[Joliet, Illinois]], where the prison riot was filmed. In Stateville, 80% of the prisoners are incarcerated for violent crimes. For the first two weeks on location at the prison, the extras were actual inmates with rubber weapons. For the subsequent two weeks, 200 extras were needed because the Stateville inmates were on [[lockdown]]. According to [[Tom Sizemore]], during filming on the prison set, Stone would play African tribal music at full blast between takes to keep the frantic energy up.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> While shooting the [[Point of view shot|POV scene]] wherein Mallory runs into the wire mesh, director of photography [[Robert Richardson (cinematographer)|Robert Richardson]] broke his finger and the replacement cameraman cut his eye. According to Oliver Stone, he was not popular with the camera department on set that day.<ref name="Director" /> For the scenes involving rear projection, the projected footage was shot prior to principal photography, then edited together, and projected onto the stage, behind the live actors. For example, when Mallory drives past a building and flames are projected onto the wall, this was shot live using footage projected onto the facade of a real building.<ref name="Director" /> An alternate ending was filmed but not used, in which Mickey and Mallory are shot dead by [[Arliss Howard]]'s character.<ref>{{Cite web|last=LONGSDORF|first=AMY|date=August 2, 1996|title='NATURAL BORN KILLERS' DIRECTOR'S CUT PILES ON CARNAGE|url=https://www.mcall.com/news/mc-xpm-1996-08-02-3107369-story.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629194723/https://www.mcall.com/|archive-date=June 29, 2021|access-date=2021-02-09|website=mcall.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Stone decided against using this ending because he believed "the 1990s were a time when the bad guys got away with it".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cormier|first=Roger|date=2015-09-24|title=13 Fascinating Facts About Natural Born Killers|url=https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/67549/13-fascinating-facts-about-natural-born-killers|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123044723/https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/67549/13-fascinating-facts-about-natural-born-killers|archive-date=January 23, 2021|access-date=2021-02-09|website=[[Mentalfloss.com]]}}</ref>

The famous [[Coca-Cola]] polar bear ad<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coke Lore: Polar Bears&nbsp;– Advertising Case History |work=The Coca-Cola Company |url=http://www.coca-colacompany.com/stories/coke-lore-polar-bears |access-date=20 October 2010 |archive-date=October 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022015144/http://www.coca-colacompany.com/stories/coke-lore-polar-bears |url-status=live }}</ref> is seen twice during the film. According to Stone, Coca-Cola approved the use of the ad without having a full idea of what the film was about. When they saw the completed film, they were furious.<ref name="Director" />

==== Visual style ====
''Natural Born Killers'' was filmed and edited in a frenzied and [[Psychedelic art|psychedelic]] style and features both color and black and white cinematography, as well as animation (directed by Mike Smith),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://vimeo.com/89966738 |title="Natural Born Killers" (Animated Scenes Excerpt) posted by ACME Filmworks on Vimeo |date=March 24, 2014 |access-date=January 1, 2021 |archive-date=June 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629194714/https://vimeo.com/89966738 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://vimeo.com/157490497 |title=Natural Born Killers Animation by FFAKE ANIMATION on Vimeo |date=March 2, 2016 |access-date=January 1, 2021 |archive-date=June 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629194715/https://vimeo.com/157490497 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.acmefilmworks.com/directors/mike-smith/ |title=Mike Smith{{!}}Acme Filmworks |access-date=January 1, 2021 |archive-date=July 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718084844/http://www.acmefilmworks.com/directors/mike-smith/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and other unusual color schemes and visual compositions.<ref name=qa /> Editing of the film lasted  approximately 11 months, with the final film containing almost 3,000 cuts (most films have 600–700).<ref name="Director" /> The film also employs a wide range of camera angles, featuring [[Dutch angle|Dutch tilts]] prominently throughout, with the camera rarely angling along a horizontal field of vision.<ref name="mayhem">{{Cite news |last=Bell |first=Chris |date=March 14, 2017 |title=Mayhem, murder, and movies: the saga of Natural Born Killers |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/mayhem-murder-movies-making-natural-born-killers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126140116/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/mayhem-murder-movies-making-natural-born-killers/ |archive-date=November 26, 2018 |website=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]}} {{subscription required}}</ref> Film scholar [[Robert P. Kolker|Robert Kolker]] notes that the Dutch angle's employment in the film is "the visual equivalent of a profound dislocation, a loss of object constancy, the slipperiness of subjectivity itself."{{sfn|Kolker|2000|p=66}} Kolker comments that, unlike such films as ''Bonnie and Clyde'' from which ''Natural Born Killers'' draws influence, "from the very beginning...&nbsp; the viewer is forced into a dual situation, neither one of which allows easy access to the main characters. One situation, continued throughout the film, is a kind of rhythmic attention created by a startling flow of images. Stone builds his visuals on unexpected linkages and disorienting juxtapositions within the shots and edits."{{sfn|Kolker|2000|p=65}}

Because the film is thematically preoccupied with media, Stone sought to implement visual elements of popular television into the film's visual tableau:<ref name="tv">{{Cite web |last=Rosenberg |first=Howard |date=August 31, 1994 |title=Stone's 'Killers' Shoots Wide as TV Critique |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-08-31-ca-33276-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190930080304/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-08-31-ca-33276-story.html |archive-date=September 30, 2019 |access-date=September 30, 2019 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> "It had never quite been done before&nbsp;– a mixture of stocks and styles. I was influenced, I have to say, by [[MTV]] and some of the styles I saw in the early '80s and '90s on television. But no one had tried that style over the course of 90, 100 minutes."<ref name=qa /> Commercials which were commonly on the air at the time of the film's release make brief, intermittent appearances as well.{{sfn|Kolker|2000|p=67}}

Concurrent with Stone's preoccupation with television as both a visual and thematic reference point, portions of the film are narrated through parodies of popular television series, including a sequence presented in the style of a sitcom about Mallory's [[dysfunctional family]] (titled ''I Love Mallory''), a parody of ''[[I Love Lucy]]''.<ref name="problem">{{Cite web |last=Bramesco |first=Charles |date=August 26, 2019 |title=Natural Born Killers at 25: the problem with Oliver Stone's hit film |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/aug/26/natural-born-killers-problem-oliver-stone-hit-film-25-year-anniversary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830142942/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/aug/26/natural-born-killers-problem-oliver-stone-hit-film-25-year-anniversary |archive-date=August 30, 2019 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> In the film's final montage, splices of real-life television news coverage of various criminal cases of the time are included, such as the [[O. J. Simpson murder case|O. J. Simpson case]], the [[Lyle and Erik Menendez|Menendez brothers]], and the [[Tonya Harding]]/[[Nancy Kerrigan]] incident.{{sfn|Muir|2011|p=336}} Film scholar [[John Kenneth Muir]] notes this inclusion as an "exclamation point" concluding the film's thesis: "It seems to say, 'Welcome to the tabloid-TV culture of America in the 1990s, where crime pays and pays well.'"{{sfn|Muir|2011|p=336}}

=== Music ===
{{Main|Natural Born Killers (soundtrack)}}
The film's soundtrack was produced by Stone and [[Trent Reznor]] of [[Nine Inch Nails]], who reportedly watched the film over 50 times to "get in the mood".<ref name="Director" /> Reznor reportedly produced the soundtrack while on tour.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=September 1996 |title=An Interview with Charlie Clouser |journal=Scene Magazine}}</ref> On his approach to compiling the soundtrack, Reznor told [[MTV]]:

<blockquote>I suggested to [[Oliver Stone|Oliver]] [Stone] to try to turn the soundtrack into a collage-of-sound, kind of the way the movie used music: make edits, add dialog, and make it something interesting, rather than a bunch of previously released music.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Box Set: NIN On "Doing The Soundtrack For ''Natural Born Killers''" |url=http://www.mtv.com/overdrive/?vid=146223 |access-date=2008-02-18 |publisher=[[MTV.com]] |archive-date=February 24, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224175915/http://www.mtv.com/overdrive/?vid=146223 |url-status=dead }}</ref></blockquote>

Some songs were written especially for the film or soundtrack, such as "[[Burn (Nine Inch Nails song)|Burn]]" by Nine Inch Nails.