Editing Nationality (section)

== Nationality versus citizenship ==
[[File:201812 Immigration Inspection directory Sign at PVG.jpg|thumb|An immigration inspection sign at [[Shanghai Pudong International Airport]] with the English term "Chinese nationals" and the Chinese term for "Chinese citizens ({{lang|zh|中国[[:wiktionary:公民|公民]]}})".]]
Conceptually [[citizenship]] and nationality are different dimensions of state membership. Citizenship is focused on the internal political life of the state and nationality is the dimension of state membership in [[international law]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Sassen |first=Saskia |chapter=17. Towards Post-National and Denationalized Citizenship |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gtiZqLcJYZEC&pg=PA277 |editor1-last=Isin |editor1-first=Engin F. |editor2-last=Turner |editor2-first=Bryan S. |title=Handbook of Citizenship Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gtiZqLcJYZEC |year=2002 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-0-7619-6858-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gtiZqLcJYZEC&pg=PA278 278] |access-date=2016-05-06 |archive-date=2021-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930072523/https://books.google.com/books?id=gtiZqLcJYZEC |url-status=live |quote="Today the terms citizenship and nationality both refer to the national state. In a technical legal sense, while essentially the same concept, each term reflects a different legal framework. Both identify the legal status of an individual in terms of state membership. But citizenship is largely confined to the national dimension, while nationality refers to the international legal dimension in the context of an interstate system."}}</ref> Article 15 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] states that everyone has the right to nationality.<ref name="IJRC">{{cite web |url=https://ijrcenter.org/thematic-research-guides/nationality-citizenship/ |website=International Justice Resource Center (IJRC) |title=CITIZENSHIP & NATIONALITY |date=15 November 2012 |access-date=2020-07-07 |archive-date=2022-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119020456/https://ijrcenter.org/thematic-research-guides/nationality-citizenship/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As such nationality in international law can be called and understood as citizenship,<ref name="IJRC"/> or more generally as subject or belonging to a [[sovereign state]], and not as ethnicity. This notwithstanding, around 10 million people are [[Statelessness|stateless]].<ref name="IJRC"/>

Today, the concept of full citizenship encompasses not only active political rights, but full [[civil rights]] and [[social rights]].<ref name="Kadelbach" />

Historically, the most significant difference between a national and a citizen is that the citizen has the right to vote for elected officials, and the right to be elected.<ref name="Kadelbach" /> This distinction between full citizenship and other, lesser relationships goes back to antiquity. Until the 19th and 20th centuries, it was typical for only a certain percentage of people who belonged to the state to be considered as full citizens. In the past, a number of people were excluded from citizenship on the basis of sex, socioeconomic class, ethnicity, religion, and other factors. However, they held a legal relationship with their government akin to the modern concept of nationality.<ref name="Kadelbach" />