Editing Narcissus (plant) (section)

====Reproductive====
; Inflorescence :
The '''inflorescence''' is scapose, the single [[Plant stem|stem]] or scape bearing either a solitary flower or forming an [[umbel]] with up to 20 blooms.<ref name=RHSAZ/> Species bearing a solitary flower include section ''Bulbocodium'' and most of section ''Pseudonarcissus''. [[Umbellate]] species have a fleshy [[racemose]] [[inflorescence]] (unbranched, with short floral stalks) with 2 to 15 or 20 flowers, such as ''[[Narcissus papyraceus|N. papyraceus]]'' (see illustration, left) and ''[[Narcissus tazetta|N. tazetta]]'' (see [[#Subdivision|Table I]]).<ref name=Graham/><ref name=FE5/> The flower arrangement on the inflorescence may be either with ([[Pedicel (botany)|pedicellate]]) or without ([[Sessility (botany)|sessile]]) floral stalks.

Prior to opening, the flower buds are enveloped and protected in a thin, dry, papery or membranous ([[Glossary of botanical terms#S|scarious]]) [[spathe]]. The [[spathe]] consists of a singular [[bract]] that is ribbed, and which remains wrapped around the base of the open flower. As the bud grows, the spathe splits longitudinally.{{sfn|Sell|Murrell|1996|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pKGlBap0FRYC&pg=PA285 Narcissus], p. 285}}{{sfn|Johnston|2007}} [[Bracteoles]] are small or absent.{{sfn|Straley|Utech|2003}}{{sfn|Sell|Murrell|1996|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pKGlBap0FRYC&pg=PA285 Narcissus], p. 285}}<ref name=FE5/><ref name=Barrett/>

; Flowers :
The '''[[flower]]s''' of ''Narcissus'' are [[Hermaphrodite#Plants|hermaphroditic]] (bisexual),<ref name=Medrano/> have three parts (tripartite), and are sometimes [[fragrant]] (see [[#Fragrances|Fragrances]]).{{sfn|Dobson|1997}} The flower symmetry is [[actinomorphic]] (radial) to slightly zygomorphic (bilateral) due to declinate-ascending [[stamen]]s (curving downwards, then bent up at the tip). ''Narcissus'' flowers are characterised by their, usually conspicuous, [[Corona (plant structure)|corona]] (trumpet).

The three major floral parts (in all species except ''[[Narcissus cavanillesii|N. cavanillesii]]'' in which the corona is virtually absent - [[#Subdivision|Table I]]: Section ''Tapeinanthus'') are:
* (i) the proximal [[floral tube]] (hypanthium),
* (ii) the surrounding free [[tepal]]s, and
* (iii) the more distal [[Corona (plant structure)|corona]] (paraperigon, paraperigonium).

All three parts may be considered to be components of the [[perianth]] (perigon, perigonium). The [[perianth]] arises above the apex of the inferior [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]], its base forming the hypanthial [[floral tube]].

The floral tube is formed by fusion of the basal segments of the tepals (proximally connate). Its shape is from an inverted cone ([[obconic]]) to funnel-shaped (funneliform) or cylindrical, and is surmounted by the more distal corona. Floral tubes can range from long and narrow sections ''Apodanthi'' and ''Jonquilla'' to rudimentary (''N. cavanillesii'').{{sfn|Lloyd|Barrett|1995|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HgFA7mFHp2QC&pg=PA343 Barrett S, Lloyd D. Stylar polymorphisms and the evolution of heterostyly in ''Narcissus'' (Amaryllidaceae)], p. 343}}

Surrounding the floral tube and corona and [[Glossary of botanical terms#reflexed|reflexed]] (bent back) from the rest of the perianth are the six spreading tepals or floral leaves, in two whorls which may be distally ascending, reflexed (folded back), or lanceolate. Like many [[monocotyledons]], the perianth is homochlamydeous, which is undifferentiated into separate calyx (sepals) and corolla (petals), but rather has six tepals. The three outer tepal segments may be considered [[sepal]]s, and the three inner segments [[petal]]s. The transition point between the floral tube and the corona is marked by the insertion of the free tepals on the fused perianth.{{sfn|Okubo|Sochacki |2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA104 104]}}

The corona, or paracorolla, is variously described as bell-shaped (funneliform, trumpet), bowl-shaped (cupular, crateriform, cup-shaped) or disc-shaped with margins that are often frilled, and is free from the stamens. Rarely is the corona a simple callose (hardened, thickened) ring. The corona is formed during floral development as a tubular outgrowth from stamens which fuse into a tubular structure, the anthers becoming reduced. At its base, the fragrances which attract pollinators are formed. All species produce nectar at the top of the ovary.<ref name=Graham/> Coronal morphology varies from the tiny pigmented disk of ''[[Narcissus serotinus|N. serotinus]]'' (see [[#Subdivision|Table I]]) or the rudimentary structure in ''[[Narcissus cavanillesii|N. cavanillesii]]'' to the elongated trumpets of section ''Pseudonarcissus'' (trumpet daffodils, Table I).{{sfn|Kubitzki|1998|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC&pg=PA100 Narcissus], pp. 100–101}}<ref name=Graham/><ref name=FE5/>{{sfn|Okubo|Sochacki |2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA104 104]}}

While the perianth may point forwards, in some species such as ''[[Narcissus cyclamineus|N. cyclamineus]]'' it is folded back (reflexed, see illustration, left), while in some other species such as ''[[Narcissus bulbocodium|N. bulbocodium]]'' ([[#Subdivision|Table I]]), it is reduced to a few barely visible pointed segments with a prominent corona.

The colour of the perianth is white, yellow or bicoloured, with the exception of the night flowering ''[[Narcissus viridiflorus|N. viridiflorus]]'', which is green. In addition, the corona of ''[[Narcissus poeticus|N. poeticus]]'' has a red crenulate margin (see [[#Subdivision|Table I]]).{{sfn|Sell|Murrell|1996|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pKGlBap0FRYC&pg=PA285 Narcissus. p. 285]}} Flower diameter varies from 12&nbsp;mm (''[[Narcissus bulbocodium|N. bulbocodium]]'') to over 125&nbsp;mm (''N. nobilis''=''[[Narcissus pseudonarcissus|N. pseudonarcissus]]'' subsp. ''nobilis'').{{sfn|Lloyd|Barrett|1995|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HgFA7mFHp2QC&pg=PA343 Barrett S, Lloyd D. Stylar polymorphisms and the evolution of heterostyly in ''Narcissus'' (Amaryllidaceae)], p. 343}}

Flower orientation varies from pendent or deflexed (hanging down) as in ''[[Narcissus triandrus|N. triandrus]]'' (see illustration, left), through declinate-ascendant as in [[Narcissus pseudonarcissus|''N. alpestris'' = ''N. pseudonarcissus'' subsp. ''moschatus'']], horizontal (patent, spreading) such as ''[[Narcissus gaditanus|N. gaditanus]]'' or ''[[Narcissus poeticus|N. poeticus]]'', erect as in ''N. cavanillesii'', ''N. serotinus'' and ''[[Narcissus rupicola|N. rupicola]]'' ([[#Subdivision|Table I]]), or intermediate between these positions (erecto-patent).{{sfn|Straley|Utech|2003}}{{sfn|Sell|Murrell|1996|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pKGlBap0FRYC&pg=PA285 Narcissus. p. 285]}}<ref name=Graham/><ref name=FE5/><ref name=Barrett/><ref name=Mathew/>{{sfn|Lloyd|Barrett|1995|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HgFA7mFHp2QC&pg=PA343 Barrett S, Lloyd D. Stylar polymorphisms and the evolution of heterostyly in ''Narcissus'' (Amaryllidaceae)], p. 343}}

The flowers of ''Narcissus'' demonstrate exceptional floral diversity and sexual [[polymorphism (biology)|polymorphism]],<ref name=Barrett/> primarily by corona size and floral tube length, associated with [[pollinator]] groups (see for instance Figs. 1 and 2 in Graham and Barrett<ref name=Graham/>). Barrett and Harder (2005) describe three separate floral patterns:
* "Daffodil" form
* "Paperwhite" form
* "Triandrus" form.

The predominant patterns are the 'daffodil' and 'paperwhite' forms, while the "triandrus" form is less common. Each corresponds to a different group of pollinators (See [[#Pollination|Pollination]]).<ref name=Barrett/>

The "daffodil" form, which includes sections ''Pseudonarcissus'' and ''Bulbocodium'', has a relatively short, broad or highly funnelform tube (funnel-like), which grades into an elongated corona, which is large and funnelform, forming a broad, cylindrical or trumpet-shaped perianth. Section ''Pseudonarcissus'' consists of relatively large flowers with a corolla length of around 50 mm, generally solitary but rarely in inflorescences of 2–4 flowers. They have wide greenish floral tubes with funnel-shaped bright yellow coronas. The six tepals sometimes differ in colour from the corona and may be cream coloured to pale yellow.<ref name=Medrano/>

The "paperwhite" form, including sections ''Jonquilla'', ''Apodanthi'' and ''Narcissus'', has a relatively long, narrow tube and a short, shallow, flaring corona. The flower is horizontal and fragrant.

The "triandrus" form is seen in only two species, ''[[Narcissus albimarginatus|N. albimarginatus]]'' (a Moroccan endemic) and ''[[Narcissus triandrus|N. triandrus]]''. It combines features of both the "daffodil" and "paperwhite" forms, with a well-developed, long, narrow tube and an extended bell-shaped corona of almost equal length. The flowers are pendent.<ref name=Barrett/>

; [[Androecium]] :
There are six [[stamen]]s in one to two rows ([[Whorl (botany)|whorls]]), with the filaments separate from the corona, attached at the throat or base of the tube (epipetalous), often of two separate lengths, straight or declinate-ascending (curving downwards, then upwards). The anthers are basifixed (attached at their base).{{sfn|Kubitzki|1998|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC&pg=PA100 Narcissus], pp. 100–101}}{{sfn|Okubo|Sochacki |2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA104 104]}}

; [[Gynoecium]] :
The [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]] is inferior (below the floral parts) and [[Locule|trilocular]] (three chambered) and there is a [[pistil]] with a minutely three lobed [[Stigma (botany)|stigma]] and filiform (thread like) [[Style (flower)|style]], which is often exserted (extending beyond the tube).{{sfn|Kubitzki|1998|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC&pg=PA100 Narcissus pp. 100–101]}}{{sfn|Okubo|Sochacki |2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA104 104]}}

; Fruit :
The fruit consists of dehiscent [[loculicidal]] [[Capsule (botany)|capsules]] (splitting between the locules) that are [[ellipsoid]] to [[Glossary of botanical terms#S|subglobose]] (almost spherical) in shape and are papery to leathery in texture.{{sfn|Straley|Utech|2003}}

; Seeds :
The fruit contains numerous subglobose '''[[seed]]s''' which are round and swollen with a hard coat, sometimes with an attached [[elaiosome]]. The [[Seed#Seed coat|testa]] is black{{sfn|Kubitzki|1998|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC&pg=PA100 Narcissus], pp. 100–101}} and the [[pericarp]] dry.<ref name=FE5/>

Most species have 12 [[ovules]] and 36 seeds, although some species such as ''N. bulbocodium'' have more, up to a maximum of 60. Seeds take five to six weeks to mature. The seeds of sections ''Jonquilla'' and ''Bulbocodium'' are wedge-shaped and matte black, while those of other sections are ovate and glossy black. A gust of wind or contact with a passing animal is sufficient to [[Seed dispersal|disperse]] the mature seeds.