Editing Naples (section)

=== Kingdom of Naples ===
{{Main|Kingdom of Naples|Parthenopean Republic|Naples Lazzaroni}}
[[File:Galleria San Martino. 02 (cropped).JPG|thumb|The [[Castel Nuovo]], a.k.a. ''Maschio Angioino'', a seat of medieval kings of Naples, Aragon and Spain]]
In 1282, after the [[Sicilian Vespers]], the Kingdom of Sicily was divided into two. The Angevin [[Kingdom of Naples]] included the southern part of the Italian peninsula, while the island of [[Sicily]] became the [[Crown of Aragon|Aragonese]] [[Kingdom of Sicily]].<ref name="dieli" /> Wars between the competing dynasties continued until the [[Peace of Caltabellotta]] in 1302, which saw [[Frederick III of Sicily|Frederick III]] recognised as king of Sicily, while [[Charles II of Naples|Charles II]] was recognised as king of Naples by [[Pope Boniface VIII]].<ref name="dieli">{{cite news |url=http://www.dieli.net/SicilyPage/History/SicilianHist.html |publisher=Dieli.net |title=Sicilian History |date=7 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504185251/http://www.dieli.net/SicilyPage/History/SicilianHist.html |archive-date=4 May 2009 |access-date=26 February 2008}}</ref> Despite the split, Naples grew in importance, attracting [[Republic of Pisa|Pisan]] and [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] merchants,<ref>{{cite book |last=Constable |first=Olivia Remie |title=Housing the Stranger in the Mediterranean World: Lodging, Trade, and Travel |publisher=Humana Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y9H7mfxqs7UC&q=%22genoese+merchants%22+naples&pg=PA209 |isbn=978-1-58829-171-4 |date=1 August 2002}}</ref> [[Tuscany|Tuscan]] bankers, and some of the most prominent [[Italian Renaissance|Renaissance]] artists of the time, such as [[Giovanni Boccaccio|Boccaccio]], [[Petrarch]] and [[Giotto di Bondone|Giotto]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.naples-city.info/napoli/angioinoeng.htm |publisher=Naples-City.info |title=Angioino Castle, Naples |date=7 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929152952/http://www.naples-city.info/napoli/angioinoeng.htm |archive-date=29 September 2008 |access-date=26 February 2008}}</ref> During the 14th century, the Hungarian Angevin king [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis the Great]] captured the city several times. In 1442, [[Alfonso I of Naples|Alfonso I]] conquered Naples after his victory against the last [[Capetian House of Anjou|Angevin]] king, [[René of Anjou|René]], and Naples was unified with Sicily again for a brief period.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/spain/aragonexp.html |publisher=Zum.de |title=Aragonese Overseas Expansion, 1282–1479 |date=7 October 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229072358/http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/spain/aragonexp.html |archive-date=29 December 2008}}</ref>

==== Aragonese and Spanish ====
Sicily and Naples were separated since 1282, but remained dependencies of [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]] under [[Ferdinand I of Naples|Ferdinand I]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=HGLTkBTylpyyN6nRHvHhh1ChNGN38XWmr4&nbsp;Hzhn5HLhnkkhWHHhXn!602093125?docId=5000263626 |publisher= |title=Ferrante of Naples: the statecraft of a Renaissance prince |date=7 October 2007}}{{dead link|date=July 2021}}</ref> The new dynasty enhanced Naples' commercial standing by establishing relations with the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. Naples also became a centre of the Renaissance, with artists such as [[Francesco Laurana|Laurana]], [[Antonello da Messina|da Messina]], [[Jacopo Sannazaro|Sannazzaro]] and [[Poliziano]] arriving in the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://naples.rome-in-italy.com/history_naples_2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410223414/http://naples.rome-in-italy.com/history_naples_2.html |archive-date=10 April 2008 |publisher=Naples.Rome-in-Italy.com |title=Naples Middle-Ages |date=7 October 2007}}</ref> In 1501, Naples came under direct rule from [[Ancien Régime in France|France]] under [[Louis XII of France|Louis XII]], with the Neapolitan king [[Frederick IV of Naples|Frederick]] being taken as a prisoner to France; however, this state of affairs did not last long, as Spain won Naples from the French at the [[Battle of Garigliano (1503)|Battle of Garigliano]] in 1503.<ref name="spanishnaples" />

[[File:Jan van Essen - Fleet review before Naples.jpg|thumb|right|390px|''The [[Viceroy of Naples]] paying tribute to [[Michiel de Ruyter|De Ruyter]]'s fleet in the port of Naples'', 1676, by [[Jan van Essen]]]]
[[File:Admiral Byng's Fleet at Naples.jpg|thumb|right|390px|''View of the [[Bay of Naples]] with [[George Byng, 1st Viscount Torrington|Admiral Byng]]'s Fleet at Anchor'', 1718. Painting by [[Gaspar Butler]].]]

Following the Spanish victory, Naples became part of the [[Spanish Empire]], and remained so throughout the [[Habsburg Spain|Spanish Habsburg]] period.<ref name="spanishnaples" /> The Spanish sent [[viceroy]]s [[List of viceroys of Naples|to Naples]] to directly deal with local issues: the most important of these viceroys was [[Pedro Álvarez de Toledo, Marquis of Villafranca|Pedro Álvarez de Toledo]], who was responsible for considerable social, economic and urban reforms in the city; he also tried to introduce the [[Spanish Inquisition|Inquisition]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Don Pedro de Toledo |first=Jeff |last=Matthews |website=Around Naples Encyclopedia |year=2005 |url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/toledo.html |publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509001635/http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/toledo.html |archive-date=9 May 2008}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=Self-published web encyclopaedia, even though written by an academic.|date=September 2015}} In 1544, around 7,000 people were taken as [[Barbary slave trade|slaves]] by [[Barbary pirates]] and brought to the [[Barbary Coast]] of North Africa (see [[Sack of Naples]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Niaz |first1=Ilhan |title=Old World Empires: Cultures of Power and Governance in Eurasia |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1317913795 |page=399 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aU4sAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA399 |access-date=3 March 2019 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418064923/https://books.google.com/books?id=aU4sAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA399#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

By the 17th century, Naples had become Europe's second-largest city – second only to Paris – and the largest European Mediterranean city, with around 250,000 inhabitants.<ref>Colin McEvedy (2010), ''The Penguin Atlas of Modern History (to 1815)''. [[Penguin Group|Penguin]]. p. 39.</ref> The city was a major cultural centre during the [[Baroque]] era, being home to artists such as [[Caravaggio]], [[Salvator Rosa]] and [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini|Bernini]], philosophers such as [[Bernardino Telesio]], [[Giordano Bruno]], [[Tommaso Campanella]] and [[Giambattista Vico]], and writers such as [[Giambattista Marino]]. A revolution led by the local fisherman [[Masaniello]] saw the creation of a brief independent [[Neapolitan Republic (1647)|Neapolitan Republic]] in 1647. However, this lasted only a few months before Spanish rule was reasserted.<ref name="spanishnaples">{{cite news |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-27691/Italy |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Spanish acquisition of Naples |date=7 October 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218181240/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-27691/Italy |archive-date=18 February 2008}}</ref> In 1656, an outbreak of [[Naples Plague|bubonic plague]] killed about half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Byrne |first1=Joseph P. |title=Encyclopedia of the Black Death |date=2012 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1598842548 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AppsDAKOW3QC&pg=PA249 |page=249}}</ref>

[[File:Departure of Charles III from Naples.jpg|thumb|Departure of [[Charles III of Spain]] from Naples, 1759]]
In 1714, Spanish rule over Naples came to an end as a result of the [[War of the Spanish Succession]]; the Austrian [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VI]] ruled the city from [[Vienna]] through viceroys of his own.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/ch/Charles6HRE.html |publisher=Bartleby.com |title=Charles VI, Holy Roman emperor |date=7 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202110539/http://bartleby.com/65/ch/Charles6HRE.html |archive-date=2 February 2009}}</ref> However, the [[War of the Polish Succession]] saw the Spanish regain Sicily and Naples as part of a [[personal union]], with the 1738 [[Treaty of Vienna (1738)|Treaty of Vienna]] recognising the two polities as independent under a cadet branch of the Spanish [[House of Bourbon|Bourbons]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.realcasadiborbone.it/uk/archiviostorico/cs_04.htm |publisher=RealCasaDiBorbone.it |title=Charles of Bourbon – the restorer of the Kingdom of Naples |date=7 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926150113/http://www.realcasadiborbone.it/uk/archiviostorico/cs_04.htm |archive-date=26 September 2009}}</ref>

In 1755, the Duke of Noja commissioned an accurate topographic map of Naples, later known as the [[Map of the Duke of Noja]], employing rigorous surveying accuracy and becoming an essential urban planning tool for Naples.

During the time of [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand IV]], the effects of the [[French Revolution]] were felt in Naples: [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Horatio Nelson]], an ally of the Bourbons, arrived in the city in 1798 to warn against the French republicans. Ferdinand was forced to retreat and fled to [[Palermo]], where he was protected by a [[Royal Navy|British fleet]].<ref name="parth" /> However, Naples' [[Social class|lower class]] ''[[Lazzaroni (Naples)|lazzaroni]]'' were strongly pious and royalist, favouring the Bourbons; in the {{lang|fr|mêlée}} that followed, they fought the Neapolitan pro-Republican aristocracy, causing a civil war.<ref name="parth" />
[[File:Veduta di Santa Lucia (Largo di Palazzo) e San Martino, Napoli,1799.jpg|thumb|Naples depicted during the ephemeral [[Parthenopean Republic]]]]
Eventually, the Republicans conquered [[Castel Sant'Elmo]] and proclaimed a [[Parthenopaean Republic]], secured by the [[French Army]].<ref name="parth" /> A [[counter-revolutionary]] religious army of ''lazzaroni'' known as the ''[[sanfedismo|sanfedisti]]'' under Cardinal [[Fabrizio Ruffo]] was raised; they met with great success, and the French were forced to surrender the Neapolitan castles, with their fleet sailing back to [[Toulon]].<ref name="parth">{{cite news |url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Parthenopean_Republic.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010306191407/http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Parthenopean_Republic.html |archive-date=6 March 2001 |publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu |title=The Parthenopean Republic |date=7 October 2007}}</ref>

Ferdinand IV was restored as king; however, after only seven years, [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] conquered the kingdom and installed [[House of Bonaparte|Bonapartist]] kings, including installing his brother [[Joseph Bonaparte]].<ref name="bonap" /> With the help of the [[Austrian Empire]] and its allies, the Bonapartists were defeated in the [[Neapolitan War]]. Ferdinand IV once again regained the throne and the kingdom.<ref name="bonap" />

==== Independent Two Sicilies ====
{{Main||Kingdom of the Two Sicilies}}
The [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815 saw the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily combine to form the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]],<ref name="bonap">{{cite news |url=http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/november/neapolitan1815.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010731220756/http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/november/neapolitan1815.htm |archive-date=31 July 2001 |publisher=Onwar.com |title=Austria Naples – Neapolitan War 1815 |date=7 October 2007}}</ref> with Naples as the capital city. In 1839, Naples became the first city on the Italian Peninsula to have a railway, with the construction of the [[Naples–Portici railway line|Naples–Portici railway]].<ref name="railway">{{cite journal |first=Diana |last=Webb |title=La dolce vita? Italy by rail, 1839–1914 |journal=[[History Today]] |date=6 June 1996 |url=http://www.historytoday.com/diana-webb/la-dolce-vita-italy-rail-1839-1914 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924041629/http://www.historytoday.com/diana-webb/la-dolce-vita-italy-rail-1839-1914 |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>