Editing Mount Tambora (section)

==== Eruptive history ====
[[Radiocarbon dating]] has established that Mount Tambora had erupted three times during the current [[Holocene]] [[Epoch (geology)|epoch]] before the 1815 eruption, but the magnitudes of these eruptions are unknown. Their estimated dates are 3910&nbsp;BC ± 200 years, 3050&nbsp;BC and 740&nbsp;AD ± 150 years.<ref name="EruptiveHistory">{{cite gvp |name=Tambora: Eruptive History |vtab=Eruptions |vn=264040 |access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref> An earlier caldera was filled with lava flows starting from 43,000 BC; two pyroclastic eruptions occurred later and formed the Black Sands and Brown Tuff formations, the last of which was emplaced between about 3895 BC and 800 AD.<ref name="Gertisser"/>

In 1812, Mount Tambora became highly active, with its maximum eruptive intensity occurring in April 1815.<ref name="EruptiveHistory"/> The magnitude was 7 on the [[Volcanic Explosivity Index]] (VEI) scale, with a total [[tephra]] ejecta volume of up to 1.8&nbsp;×&nbsp;10<sup>11</sup>&nbsp;cubic metres.<ref name="EruptiveHistory"/> Its eruptive characteristics included central vent and explosive eruptions, pyroclastic flows, [[tsunami]]s and caldera collapse. This eruption had an effect on global climate. Volcanic activity ceased on 15 July 1815.<ref name="EruptiveHistory"/> Activity resumed in August 1819—a small eruption with "flames" and rumbling [[aftershock]]s, and was considered to be part of the 1815 eruption.<ref name="Oppenheimer2003"/> This eruption was recorded at 2 on the VEI scale.

Around 1880&nbsp;±&nbsp;30 years, eruptions at Mount Tambora have been registered only inside the caldera.<ref name="EruptiveHistory"/> It created small lava flows and lava dome [[Extrusive (geology)|extrusions]]; this was recorded at two on the VEI scale. This eruption created the ''Doro Api Toi'' parasitic cone inside the caldera.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tambora Historic Eruptions and Recent Activities |publisher=Vulcanological Survey of Indonesia |url=http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/volcanoes/tambora/history.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927043444/http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/volcanoes/tambora/history.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=2 August 2018}}</ref>

Mount Tambora is still [[active volcano|active]] and minor lava domes and flows were extruded on the caldera floor during the 19th and 20th centuries.<ref name="gvp"/> The last eruption was recorded in 1967. It was a gentle eruption with a VEI of 0, which means it was non-explosive.<ref name="EruptiveHistory"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) |url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/eruptioncriteria.cfm#VEI |work=Global Volcanism Program |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110173623/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/eruptioncriteria.cfm |archive-date=10 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2018}}</ref> Another very small eruption was reported in 2011.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wood |first=Gillen D'Arcy |title=Tambora: The Eruption That Changed the World |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=2014 |pages=1–312 |isbn=9780691168623}}</ref> In August 2011, the alert level for the volcano was raised from level I to level II after increased activity was reported in the caldera, including earthquakes and steam emissions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://portal.vsi.esdm.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=203%3Apeningkatan-status-g-tambora-dari-normal-ke-waspada&catid=35%3Aaktifitas-terkini-gai |title=Peningkatan Status G. Tambora dari Normal ke Waspada |publisher=Directorate of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Indonesia |date=30 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908003204/http://portal.vsi.esdm.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=203%3Apeningkatan-status-g-tambora-dari-normal-ke-waspada&catid=35%3Aaktifitas-terkini-gai |archive-date=8 September 2011 |language=id |access-date=2 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wunderman |first1=Richard |title=Report on Tambora (Indonesia) |journal=Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network |date=2011 |volume=36 |issue=8 |doi=10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN201108-264040}}</ref>