Editing Moscow (section)

===Grand Principality (1263–1547)===
{{Main|Grand Principality of Moscow}}
[[File:Facial Chronicle - b.10, p.049 - Tokhtamysh at Moscow.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|The [[Siege of Moscow (1382)|1382 siege of Moscow]], miniature from the [[Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible]]]]
[[File:Вид на Спасскую башню от Исторического музея.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|The [[Spasskaya Tower]], built in 1491|alt=]]
[[File:Polish plan of Moscow 1610.PNG|thumb|upright=.8|The Sigismundian Plan of Moscow (1610), before the city's destruction in 1612 and changes to streets. The north is to the right.]]

By the turn of the century, Moscow was one of the leading principalities within [[Vladimir-Suzdal]], alongside [[Principality of Tver|Tver]].{{sfn|Fennell|2023|page=48}} On the right bank of the Moskva River, at a distance of {{convert|5|mi|km|0|spell=in|order=flip}} from the Kremlin, Daniel founded the first monastery with the wooden church of St. Daniel-Stylite, which is now the [[Danilov Monastery]]. Following Daniel's death in 1303, the territory of the principality had almost tripled in size, encompassing the entire Moskva River along with its [[Tributary|tributaries]], which allowed Moscow to become self-sufficient.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|pages=50–51}} The principality was also provided with an excellent river network that facilitated trade.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|page=55}}

Daniel's descendants struggled with the princes of Tver for succession to the grand principality.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|page=60}} [[Yury of Moscow|Yury]] won recognition from the Mongol khan as the grand prince in 1318, but he lost the title four years later.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|page=87}} [[Ivan I of Moscow|Ivan I]] recovered the grand princely throne from Tver after proving himself to be a loyal servant of the khan.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|page=145}} Ivan collected the tribute to the khan of the [[Golden Horde]] from dependent Russian princes and he used the funds he acquired to develop Moscow.{{sfn|Riasanovsky|Steinberg|2019|p=73}} The metropolitan of the [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Church]] also found an ally in Ivan and moved his seat from the nominal capital of Vladimir to Moscow.{{sfn|Crummey|2014|p=40}}{{sfn|Riasanovsky|Steinberg|2019|p=73}} The foundation of Moscow's first stone church, the [[Dormition Cathedral, Moscow|Dormition Cathedral]], was laid in 1326, and the metropolitan chose to be buried there – an act that would cement Moscow's status as the spiritual center of Russian Orthodoxy.{{sfn|Crummey|2014|p=40}} Masonry building continued in the following years with the construction of additional stone churches.{{sfn|Smirnova|2013|p=273}} The limestone walls and towers of the Kremlin were built in 1366–1368.{{sfn|Smirnova|2013|p=273}} A distinct [[Moscow school|architectural school]] emerged in the late 14th century.{{sfn|Smirnova|2013|p=273}}

The khan of the Golden Horde initially backed Moscow in an effort to halt the eastward expansion of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], but he continued to meddle in Moscow's relations with other Russian princes to prevent it from becoming too strong.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|pages=211–212}} In 1353, the [[Black Death in Russia|Black Death spread from northwestern Russia]] to Moscow, causing the deaths of [[Simeon of Moscow]], his sons, and the metropolitan.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|page=217}} The ruling family of Moscow remained small as a result and a new vertical pattern of princely succession from father to son was defined.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|pages=170–171}} During the reign of [[Dmitry Donskoy]], the Moscow principality greatly expanded in size.{{sfn|Crummey|2014|page=49}} In 1380, Dmitry led a united Russian army to an important victory over the Mongols in the [[Battle of Kulikovo]], which greatly increased Moscow's prestige and solidified the status of its rulers as the military leaders of the nation.{{sfn|Crummey|2014|p=51}} Following his death in 1389, the thrones of Vladimir and Moscow were permanently united.{{sfn|Fennell|2023|page=306}}

During the reign of [[Vasily II of Moscow|Vasily II]], a civil war broke out after [[Yury of Zvenigorod]] challenged the succession of his nephew in 1425.{{sfn|Crummey|2014|page=69}} Moscow switched hands numerous times, and Yury's son, [[Dmitry Shemyaka]], continued to offer resistance until his appanage center of [[Galich, Russia|Galich]] was captured in 1450.{{sfn|Crummey|2014|page=75}} In ecclesiastical matters, Vasily disapproved of the [[Council of Florence]], leading him to arrest the metropolitan upon his return in 1441 for having it signed.{{sfn|Crummey|2014|page=72}} Seven years later, a council of Russian bishops elected their own metropolitan, which amounted to a declaration of [[autocephaly]] by the Russian Church.{{sfn|Crummey|2014|page=72}} The [[fall of Constantinople]] in 1453 was viewed by the Russians as divine punishment for [[apostasy]], and in 1492, Moscow was called an imperial city for the first time by the Russian metropolitan.{{sfn|Crummey|2014|p=135}}

During the reign of [[Ivan III of Russia|Ivan III]], nearly all of the Russian states were united with Moscow and the foundations for a centralized state were laid.{{sfn|Riasanovsky|Steinberg|2019|pp=77–79}} His [[Great Stand on the Ugra River|defeat of the Tatars]] in 1480 also traditionally marks the end of [[Tatars|Tatar]] suzerainty.{{sfn|Riasanovsky|Steinberg|2019|p=78}} Ivan did his utmost to make his capital a worthy successor to Constantinople, and he had the Kremlin reconstructed after inviting architects from [[Renaissance Italy]], including [[Petrus Antonius Solarius]], who designed the new Kremlin wall and its towers, and [[Marco Ruffo]] who designed the new palace for the prince. The Kremlin walls as they now appear are those designed by Solarius, completed in 1495. The [[Ivan the Great Bell Tower]] was built in 1505–1508 and augmented to its present height in 1600. A trading settlement, or ''posad'', grew up to the east of the Kremlin, in the area known as ''Zaradye''. In the time of Ivan III, the [[Red Square]], originally named the Hollow Field, appeared.

Ivan's son [[Vasili III of Russia|Vasily III]] continued the expansion of the Muscovite state and annexed the remaining Russian territories.{{sfnm|1a1=Crummey|1y=2014|1p=92|2a1=Riasanovsky|2a2=Steinberg|2y=2019|2p=79}} His reign also saw the continued development of the doctrine of Moscow as the "[[Moscow, third Rome|third Rome]]".{{sfn|Crummey|2014|p=136}} In 1508–1516, the Italian architect [[Aloisio the New|Aleviz Fryazin (Novy)]] arranged for the construction of a moat in front of the eastern wall, which would connect the [[Moskva River|Moskva]] and [[Neglinnaya River|Neglinnaya]] and be filled with water from Neglinnaya. Known as the Alevizov moat and with a length of {{convert|541|m|ft|abbr=off}}, width of {{convert|36|m|ft|abbr=off}}, and depth of {{convert|9.5|to(-)|13|m|ft|abbr=off}} was lined with limestone and, in 1533, fenced on both sides with low, {{convert|4|m|ft|spell=in|abbr=off|adj=mid|-thick}} cogged-brick walls.{{anchor|Tsardom}}