Editing Morocco (section)

=== French and Spanish protectorates ===
{{main|French protectorate in Morocco|Spanish protectorate in Morocco}}
[[File:La Paz de Wad-Ras.jpg|thumb|The [[Treaty of Wad Ras]] after the [[Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–1860)]] bankrupted Morocco's national treasury, forcing the [[Makhzen]] to take on a British loan<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Miller, Susan Gilson.|title=A history of modern Morocco|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-62469-5|location=New York|pages=25|oclc=855022840}}</ref>]]
As Europe industrialised, Northwest Africa was increasingly prized for its potential for colonisation. France showed a strong interest in Morocco as early as 1830, not only to protect the border of its Algerian territory, but also because of the strategic position of Morocco with coasts on the Mediterranean and the open Atlantic.<ref>{{cite book |title=Morocco since 1830: A History|isbn=978-0814766774 |last=Pennell |first=C. R. |year=2000 |publisher=New York University Press |location=New York |page=40}}</ref> In 1860, a dispute over Spain's Ceuta enclave led Spain to declare war. Victorious Spain won a further enclave and an enlarged Ceuta in the settlement. In 1884, Spain created a protectorate in the coastal areas of Morocco.
[[File:Louis Comfort Tiffany - Market day outside the walls of Tangiers, Morocco.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tangier]]'s population in 1956 included 40,000 Muslims, 31,000 Europeans and 15,000 Jews.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0019_0_19572.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501181723/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0019_0_19572.html |archive-date=1 May 2013 |title=Tangier(s) |encyclopedia=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |access-date=30 December 2013}}</ref>]]
In 1904, France and Spain carved out zones of influence in Morocco. Recognition by the [[United Kingdom]] of France's [[sphere of influence]] provoked a strong reaction from the [[German Empire]]; and a crisis loomed in 1905. The matter was resolved at the [[Algeciras Conference]] in 1906. The [[Agadir Crisis]] of 1911 increased tensions between European powers. The 1912 [[Treaty of Fez]] made Morocco a [[protectorate]] of France, and triggered the [[1912 Fez riots]].<ref name="Hirschberg1981">{{cite book|author=Hirschberg, H. Z|title=A history of the Jews in North Africa: From the Ottoman conquests to the present time / edited by Eliezer Bashan and Robert Attal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=idEUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA319|year=1981|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-06295-5|page=318|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114120228/https://books.google.com/books?id=idEUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA319|url-status=live}}</ref> Spain continued to operate its coastal protectorate. By the same treaty, Spain assumed the role of [[protecting power]] over the northern coastal and southern [[Sahara]]n zones.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Furlong |first=Charles Wellington |author-link=Charles W. Furlong |year=1911 |title=The French Conquest Of Morocco: The Real Meaning Of The International Trouble |journal=[[World's Work|The World's Work: A History of Our Time]] |volume=XXII |pages=14988–14999 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHAAAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA14988 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114120230/https://books.google.com/books?id=rHAAAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA14988 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Pacification.jpg|thumb|Map depicting the [[French conquest of Morocco]] from 1907 to 1934]]
Tens of thousands of colonists entered Morocco. Some bought up large amounts of rich agricultural land, while others organised the exploitation and modernisation of mines and harbours. Interest groups that formed among these elements continually pressured France to increase its control over Morocco – with some Moroccan tribes allying with the French against other competing tribes from early on in its conquest. The French colonial administrator, Governor general Marshal [[Hubert Lyautey]], sincerely admired Moroccan culture and succeeded in imposing a joint Moroccan-French administration, while creating a modern school system. Several divisions of Moroccan soldiers ([[Goumier]]s or regular troops and officers) served in the [[French army]] in both [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], and in the Spanish [[Francoism|Nationalist Army]] in the [[Spanish Civil War]] and after (''[[Regulares]]'').<ref>{{cite web |url-status=live |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-morocco-spain-war-idUSTRE50E0NT20090115 |title=Morocco tackles painful role in Spain's past |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817235436/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-morocco-spain-war-idUSTRE50E0NT20090115 |archive-date=17 August 2021 |website=Reuters |date=14 January 2009 |first1=Zakia |last1=Abdennebi }}</ref> The institution of [[slavery in Morocco|slavery]] was abolished in 1925.<ref>{{cite web |url-status=live |publisher=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada |url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6ad6164.html |title=Morocco: Date of the abolishment of slavery in Morocco; whether descendants of ex-slaves are singled out in any way; and fate of the Palace household and grounds staff when King Mohamed V was in exile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203121733/http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6ad6164.html |archive-date=3 February 2014 |date=13 August 1999 |series=MAR32476.E |via=Refworld}}</ref>

Between 1921 and 1926, an [[Rif War|uprising]] in the [[Rif]] Mountains, led by [[Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi|Abd el-Krim]], led to the establishment of the [[Republic of the Rif]]. The Spanish used anti-civilian bombing raids and mustard gas to prevent the Rif republic from gaining independence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wyrtzen |first=Jonathan |title=Worldmaking in the Long Great War: How Local and Colonial Struggles Shaped the Modern Middle East |publisher=Columbia University Press |date=2022 |isbn=978-0-231-54657-7 |location=New York |pages=195 |oclc=1336403490 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gWdOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT195 |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=16 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216052346/https://books.google.com/books?id=gWdOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT195 |url-status=live }}</ref> They lost more than 13,000 soldiers at [[Battle of Annual|Annual]] in July–August 1921 alone.<ref>Porch, Douglas; ''Spain's African Nightmare''; MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History; (2006); 18#2; pp. 28–37.</ref> The Riffi were eventually suppressed by 1927 by the Franco-Spanish military. The casualties on the Spanish-French side were 52,000 and from the Riffi 10,000 died.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wyrtzen |first=Jonathan |title=Worldmaking in the Long Great War: How Local and Colonial Struggles Shaped the Modern Middle East |publisher=Columbia University Press |date=2022 |isbn=978-0-231-54657-7 |location=New York |pages=198 |oclc=1336403490 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gWdOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT198 |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=16 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216052345/https://books.google.com/books?id=gWdOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT198 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:وثيقة الاستقلال 11 يناير 1944.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Proclamation of Independence of Morocco]] of 1944]]
In 1943, the [[Istiqlal Party]] (Independence Party) was founded to press for independence, with discreet US support. Moroccan nationalists drew heavily on [[Revolution of the King and the People|transnational activist networks]] for lobbying to end colonial rule, primarily at the United Nations.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Stenner |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KLyXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT15 |title=Globalizing Morocco: Transnational Activism and the Postcolonial State |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-5036-0900-6 |location=Stanford, California |pages=198 |oclc=1082294927 |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=16 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216052346/https://books.google.com/books?id=KLyXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT15 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Istiqlal Party subsequently provided most of the leadership for the nationalist movement.

[[File:Mohammed V Morocco 1957.lowres.jpeg|thumb|upright|King [[Mohammed V of Morocco|Mohammed V]] during a visit to the United States in 1957]]
France's exile of Sultan [[Mohammed V of Morocco|Mohammed V]] in 1953 to [[Madagascar]] and his replacement by the unpopular [[Mohammed Ben Aarafa]] sparked active opposition to the French and Spanish protectorates.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.yabiladi.com/articles/details/81277/mohammed-arafa-morocco-s-unpopular-sultan.html|title=Mohammed Ben Arafa, Morocco's unpopular sultan and the story of his unmarked grave|last=Babas|first=Latifa|newspaper=Yabiladi|date=July 19, 2019|accessdate=June 14, 2024}}</ref> The most notable violence occurred in [[Oujda]] where Moroccans attacked French and other European residents in the streets.<ref>{{Cite news|date=November 30, 1954|title=Quatre-vingt-seize Marocains poursuivis pour participation à la « tuerie d'Oujda », qui fit trente morts le 16 août 1953, passent en jugement |language=fr |newspaper=Le Monde|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1954/11/30/quatre-vingt-seize-marocains-poursuivis-pour-participation-a-la-tuerie-qui-fit-le-16-aout-1953-trente-morts-a-oujda-passent-en-jugement_2026822_1819218.html|accessdate=June 14, 2024}}</ref> France allowed Mohammed V to return in 1955, and the negotiations that led to Moroccan independence began the following year.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20091030183316/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572952_9/Morocco.html Morocco (Page 9 of 9)]". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009.</ref> In March 1956 Morocco regained its independence from France as the Kingdom of Morocco. A month later Spain forsook its protectorate in Northern Morocco to the new state but kept its two coastal enclaves ([[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]]) on the Mediterranean coast which dated from earlier conquests, but over which Morocco still claims [[sovereignty]] to this day.