Editing Mood disorder (section)

==== Alcohol-induced ====

High rates of major depressive disorder occur in heavy drinkers and those with [[alcoholism]]. Controversy has previously surrounded whether those who abused alcohol and developed depression were self-medicating their pre-existing depression. Recent research has concluded that, while this may be true in some cases, alcohol misuse directly causes the development of depression in a significant number of heavy drinkers. Participants studied were also assessed during stressful events in their lives and measured on a ''Feeling Bad Scale.'' Likewise, they were also assessed on their affiliation with '' deviant '' peers, unemployment, and their partner's substance use and criminal offending.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Fergusson DM, Boden JM, Horwood LJ |title=Tests of causal links between alcohol abuse or dependence and major depression |journal=Arch. Gen. Psychiatry |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=260–6 |date=March 2009 |doi=10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.543 |pmid=19255375 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Falk DE, Yi HY, Hilton ME |title=Age of Onset and Temporal Sequencing of Lifetime DSM-IV Alcohol Use Disorders Relative to Comorbid Mood and Anxiety Disorders |journal=Drug Alcohol Depend |volume=94 |issue=1–3 |pages=234–45 |date=April 2008 |pmid=18215474 |doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.11.022 |pmc=2386955 }}</ref><ref name="Schuckit MA, Smith TL, Danko GP, et al 2007 805–12">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schuckit MA, Smith TL, Danko GP |title=A comparison of factors associated with substance-induced versus independent depressions |journal=J Stud Alcohol Drugs |volume=68 |issue=6 |pages=805–12 |date=November 2007 |pmid=17960298 |doi= 10.15288/jsad.2007.68.805|s2cid=17528609 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> High rates of suicide also occur in those who have alcohol-related problems.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Chignon JM, Cortes MJ, Martin P, Chabannes JP |title=[Attempted suicide and alcohol dependence: results of an epidemiologic survey] |language=fr |journal=Encephale |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=347–54 |year=1998 |pmid=9809240 }}</ref> It is usually possible to differentiate between alcohol-related depression and depression that is not related to [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] intake by taking a careful history of the patient.<ref name="Schuckit MA, Smith TL, Danko GP, et al 2007 805–12"/><ref name="pmid9210745">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schuckit MA, Tipp JE, Bergman M, Reich W, Hesselbrock VM, Smith TL |title=Comparison of induced and independent major depressive disorders in 2,945 alcoholics |journal=Am J Psychiatry |volume=154 |issue=7 |pages=948–57 |date=July 1997 |pmid=9210745 |doi= 10.1176/ajp.154.7.948|citeseerx=10.1.1.461.7953 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Schuckit MA, Tipp JE, Bucholz KK |title=The life-time rates of three major mood disorders and four major anxiety disorders in alcoholics and controls |journal=Addiction |volume=92 |issue=10 |pages=1289–304 |date=October 1997 |pmid=9489046 |doi= 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb02848.x|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Depression and other mental health problems associated with alcohol misuse may be due to distortion of brain chemistry, as they tend to improve on their own after a period of abstinence.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wetterling T, Junghanns K |date= December 2000 |title=Psychopathology of alcoholics during withdrawal and early abstinence|journal=Eur Psychiatry |volume=15 |issue=8 |pages=483–8 |pmid=11175926 |doi=10.1016/S0924-9338(00)00519-8 |s2cid= 24094651 }}</ref>