Editing Monarch (section)

===Monarchs in Africa===
{{Further|Monarchies in Africa}}
[[File:RamsesIIEgypt.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Ramesses II]] ([[Reign|r.]] 1279–1213 BC), the third [[pharaoh]] of the [[Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt]]]]

A series of [[pharaoh]]s ruled [[Ancient Egypt]] over the course of three millennia ({{circa|3150 BC}} to 31 BC) until it was conquered by the [[Roman Empire]]. In the same time period several kingdoms flourished in the nearby [[Nubia]] region, with at least one of them, that of the so-called [[A-Group]] culture, apparently influencing the customs of Egypt itself. From the 6th to 19th centuries, Egypt was variously part of the [[Byzantine Empire]], Islamic Empire, [[Mamluk]] Sultanate, [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[British Empire]] with a distant monarch. The [[Sultanate of Egypt]] was a short-lived protectorate of the [[United Kingdom]] from 1914 until 1922 when it became the [[Kingdom of Egypt]] and Sultan [[Fuad I of Egypt|Fuad I]] changed his title to King. After the [[Egyptian Revolution of 1952]], the monarchy was dissolved and Egypt became a republic.

[[West Africa]] hosted the [[Kanem Empire]] (700–1376) and its successor, the [[Borno Emirate|Bornu]] principality which survives to the present day as one of the [[List of Nigerian traditional states|traditional states]] of [[Nigeria]].

[[File:Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shire 2.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mohamoud Ali Shire]], the 26th Sultan of the [[Somali aristocratic and court titles|Somali]] Warsangali Sultanate]]

In the [[Horn of Africa]], the [[Kingdom of Aksum]] and later the [[Zagwe dynasty]], [[Ethiopian Empire]] (1270–1974), and [[Aussa Sultanate]] were ruled by a series of monarchs. [[Haile Selassie]], the last Emperor of Ethiopia, was deposed in a [[communist]] [[coup]]. Various [[Somali aristocratic and court titles|Somali Sultanates]] also existed, including the [[Adal Sultanate]] (led by the [[Walashma dynasty]] of the [[Ifat Sultanate]]), [[Sultanate of Mogadishu]], [[Ajuran Sultanate]], Warsangali Sultanate, [[Geledi Sultanate]], [[Majeerteen Sultanate]] and [[Sultanate of Hobyo]].

[[Central Africa|Central]] and [[Southern Africa]] were largely isolated from other regions until the modern era, but they did later feature kingdoms like the [[Kingdom of Kongo]] (1400–1914).

The [[Zulu people]] formed a powerful [[Zulu Kingdom]] in 1816, one that was subsequently absorbed into the [[Colony of Natal]] in 1897. The [[List of Zulu kings|Zulu king]] continues to hold a hereditary title and an influential cultural position in contemporary South Africa, although he has no direct political power. Other tribes in the country, such as the [[Xhosa people|Xhosa]] and the [[Tswana people|Tswana]], have also had and continue to have a series of kings and chiefs (namely the ''[[Inkosi]]s'' and the ''[[Kgosi]]s'') whose local precedence is recognised, but who exercise no legal authority.

As part of the [[Scramble for Africa]], seven European countries invaded and colonized most of the African continent.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Davies |first=Catriona |date=12 August 2010 |title=Colonialism and the 'scramble for Africa' |url=https://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/08/02/independence.africa.colonialism/index.html |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=CNN |archive-date=26 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226103351/https://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/08/02/independence.africa.colonialism/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Currently, the African nations of [[Morocco]], [[Lesotho]], and [[Eswatini]] are sovereign monarchies under dynasties that are native to the continent. Places like [[St. Helena]], [[Ceuta]], [[Melilla]] and the [[Canary Islands]] are ruled by the [[king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]] or the [[king of Spain]]. So-called "sub-national monarchies" of varying sizes can be found all over the rest of the continent, e.g., the [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] city-state of [[Akure Kingdom|Akure]] in south-western [[Nigeria]] is something of an elective monarchy: its reigning [[Oba (ruler)|Oba]], the ''[[Deji of Akure|Deji]]'', has to be chosen by an electoral college of [[Nigerian chieftaincy|nobles]] from amongst a finite collection of royal princes of the realm upon the death or removal of an incumbent.