Editing Modafinil (section)

====Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder====
{{See also|Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder}}
Modafinil is occasionally prescribed [[off-label]] for individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).<ref name="pmid31200137">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wilms W, Woźniak-Karczewska M, Corvini PF, Chrzanowski Ł | title = Nootropic drugs: Methylphenidate, modafinil and piracetam - Population use trends, occurrence in the environment, ecotoxicity and removal methods - A review | journal = Chemosphere | volume = 233 | pages = 771–785 | date = October 2019 | pmid = 31200137 | doi = 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.016 | s2cid = 189861826 | bibcode = 2019Chmsp.233..771W }}</ref><ref name="pmid33516734">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kittel-Schneider S, Quednow BB, Leutritz AL, McNeill RV, Reif A | title = Parental ADHD in pregnancy and the postpartum period - A systematic review | journal = Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews | volume = 124 | pages = 63–77 | date = May 2021 | pmid = 33516734 | doi = 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.002 | s2cid = 231723198 | url = https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/198979/1/Kittel-Schneider_et_al_2021.pdf | access-date = October 19, 2023 | archive-date = October 21, 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231021234946/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/198979/1/Kittel-Schneider_et_al_2021.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="pmid29952165">{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiergräber M, Ehninger D, Broich K | title = Neuroenhancement and mood enhancement – Physiological and pharmacodynamical background | journal = Medizinische Monatsschrift für Pharmazeuten | volume = 40 | issue = 4 | pages = 154–164 | date = April 2017 | pmid = 29952165 }}</ref> It has not consistently shown efficacy in treating adult ADHD,<ref name="pmid38433530">{{cite journal |vauthors=Miskowiak KW, Obel ZK, Guglielmo R, Bonnin CD, Bowie CR, Balanzá-Martínez V, Burdick KE, Carvalho AF, Dols A, Douglas K, Gallagher P, Kessing LV, Lafer B, Lewandowski KE, López-Jaramillo C, Martinez-Aran A, McIntyre RS, Porter RJ, Purdon SE, Schaffer A, Stokes PR, Sumiyoshi T, Torres IJ, Van Rheenen TE, Yatham LN, Young AH, Vieta E, Hasler G |title=Efficacy and safety of established and off-label ADHD drug therapies for cognitive impairment or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in bipolar disorder: A systematic review by the ISBD Targeting Cognition Task Force |journal=Bipolar Disord |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=216–239 |date=May 2024 |pmid=38433530 |doi=10.1111/bdi.13414|url=https://eprints.ncl.ac.uk/file_store/production/297410/28FECDCD-DACE-49B2-8260-46BED7B5094C.pdf }}</ref> especially when compared to other treatments such as [[lisdexamfetamine]].<ref name="pmid30117329">{{cite journal | vauthors = Stuhec M, Lukić P, Locatelli I | title = Efficacy, Acceptability, and Tolerability of Lisdexamfetamine, Mixed Amphetamine Salts, Methylphenidate, and Modafinil in the Treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | journal = The Annals of Pharmacotherapy | volume = 53 | issue = 2 | pages = 121–133 | date = February 2019 | pmid = 30117329 | doi = 10.1177/1060028018795703 | s2cid = 52019992 }}</ref><ref name="pmid26693882" /> In children, modafinil is more effective than placebo for treating ADHD symptoms.<ref name="pmid30097390">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cortese S, Adamo N, Del Giovane C, Mohr-Jensen C, Hayes AJ, Carucci S, Atkinson LZ, Tessari L, Banaschewski T, Coghill D, Hollis C, Simonoff E, Zuddas A, Barbui C, Purgato M, Steinhausen HC, Shokraneh F, Xia J, Cipriani A | title = Comparative efficacy and tolerability of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis | journal = The Lancet. Psychiatry | volume = 5 | issue = 9 | pages = 727–738 | date = September 2018 | pmid = 30097390 | pmc = 6109107 | doi = 10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30269-4 }}</ref><ref name="pmid32845025">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rodrigues R, Lai MC, Beswick A, Gorman DA, Anagnostou E, Szatmari P, Anderson KK, Ameis SH | title = Practitioner Review: Pharmacological treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children and youth with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines | volume = 62 | issue = 6 | pages = 680–700 | date = June 2021 | pmid = 32845025 | doi = 10.1111/jcpp.13305 | s2cid = 221329069 }}</ref>

Given its approved status in the US to treat narcolepsy, physicians can also prescribe modafinil for off-label uses, such as treating ADHD in both children and adults.<ref name="pmid16669720" /><ref name="pmid16623645">{{cite journal | vauthors = Turner D | title = A review of the use of modafinil for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder | journal = Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics | volume = 6 | issue = 4 | pages = 455–468 | date = April 2006 | pmid = 16623645 | doi = 10.1586/14737175.6.4.455 | s2cid = 24293088 }}</ref><ref name="pmid16954326">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lindsay SE, Gudelsky GA, Heaton PC | title = Use of modafinil for the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder | journal = The Annals of Pharmacotherapy | volume = 40 | issue = 10 | pages = 1829–1833 | date = October 2006 | pmid = 16954326 | doi = 10.1345/aph.1H024 | s2cid = 37368284 }}</ref>

The Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) suggests modafinil as a second-line treament for comorbid ADHD and [[bipolar disorder]], after first-line [[Management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder#Stimulants|psychostimulants]] and the antidepressant [[bupropion]].<ref name="pmid22303520">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bond DJ, Hadjipavlou G, Lam RW, McIntyre RS, Beaulieu S, Schaffer A, Weiss M | title = The Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) task force recommendations for the management of patients with mood disorders and comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | journal = Annals of Clinical Psychiatry | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 23–37 | date = February 2012 | pmid = 22303520 }}</ref>