Editing Misandry (section)

== Research ==
{{More science citations needed|section|date=August 2023}}

=== "Ambivalence toward Men Inventory" ===
Glick and Fiske developed [[Psychometrics|psychometric constructs]] to measure the attitudes of individuals towards men in their ''Ambivalence toward Men Inventory, AMI'', which includes a factor ''Hostility toward Men.'' These metrics were based on a small group discussion with women which identified factors, these number of questions were then reduced using statistical methods. ''Hostility toward Men'' was split into three factors: ''Resentment of Paternalism'', the belief men supported male power; ''Compensatory Gender Differentiation'', the belief that men were supported by women; and ''Heterosexual Hostility'', which looked at beliefs that men were likely to engage in hostile actions.<ref name="Glick 2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Glick |first1=Peter |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=2016 |title=The Ambivalence Toward Men Inventory: Differentiating Hostile and Benevolent Beliefs About Men |journal=Psychology of Women Quarterly |language=en |doi=10.1111/j.1471-6402.1999.tb00379.x |s2cid=145242896 |issn=1471-6402 |volume=23 |pages=519–536}}</ref> The combined construct, Hostility toward Men, was found to be inversely correlated with measures of gender equality when comparing difference countries<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Glick |display-authors=etal |first=P |date=2004 |title=Bad but Bold: Ambivalent Attitudes Toward Men Predict Gender Inequality in 16 Nations |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=86 |issue=5 |pages=713–728 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.86.5.713 |pmid=15161396 |issn=1939-1315}}</ref> and in a study with university students, self-describing feminists were found to have a lower score.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=Kristin J. |last2=Kanner |first2=Melinda |last3=Elsayegh |first3=Nisreen |date=2009 |title=Are Feminists man Haters? Feminists' and Nonfeminists' Attitudes Toward Men |journal=Psychology of Women Quarterly |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=216–224 |language=en |doi=10.1111/j.1471-6402.2009.01491.x |s2cid=144704304 |issn=1471-6402}}</ref>

=== Criminal justice system ===
In the United States, men tend to receive longer sentences than women for committing the same crimes, although the disparity is more pronounced for minor offenses, and is also dependent on the race of the perpetrator.{{r|Kruis 2024}} Criminologist Nathan A. Kruis of [[Pennsylvania State University]] and colleagues write that a body of research suggests the presence of "potential institutional misandry" in the U.S. criminal justice system.<ref name="Kruis 2024">{{cite journal |last1=Kruis |first1=Nathan A. |last2=Ménard |first2=Kim S. |last3=Rowland |first3=Nicholas J. |last4=Griffith |first4=Rae |title=Examining Sex- and Sexuality-Based Bias in Punitive Attitudes Toward Offenders Convicted of Intimate Partner Crimes: A Vignette Experiment |journal=Crime & Delinquency |volume=70 |issue=13–14 |pages=3532–3557 |date=2024 |doi=10.1177/00111287241258690 |doi-access=free |issn=1552-387X}}</ref>