Editing Milwaukee (section)

===Growth and immigration===
[[File:Milwaukee birdseye map by Bailey (1872). loc call no g4124m-pm010450.jpg|thumb|Illustrated map of Milwaukee in 1872]]

Milwaukee began to grow as a city as high numbers of immigrants, mainly [[Germans|German]], made their way to Wisconsin during the 1840s and 1850s. Scholars classify [[German immigration to the United States]] in three major waves, and Wisconsin received a significant number of immigrants from all three. The first wave from 1845 to 1855 consisted mainly of people from [[Southwestern Germany]], the second wave from 1865 to 1873 concerned primarily [[Northwestern Germany]], while the third wave from 1880 to 1893 came from [[Northeastern Germany]].<ref name="Bungert, Heike 2006">Bungert, Heike, Cora Lee Kluge and Robert C. Ostergren. ''Wisconsin German Land and Life''. Madison: [[Max Kade Institute]] for German-American Studies, 2006.</ref> By 1900, 34 percent of Milwaukee's population was of German background.<ref name="Bungert, Heike 2006" /> The largest number of German immigrants to Milwaukee came from [[Prussia]], followed by [[Bavaria]], [[Saxony]], [[Hanover]], and [[Hesse-Darmstadt]]. Milwaukee gained its reputation as the most German of American cities not just from the large number of German immigrants it received, but also for the sense of community that the immigrants established.<ref name="Conzen, Kathleen Neils 1860">Conzen, Kathleen Neils. ''Immigrant Milwaukee, 1836–1860''. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: [[Harvard University Press]], 1976.</ref>

Most German immigrants came to Wisconsin in search of inexpensive farmland.<ref name="Conzen, Kathleen Neils 1860" /> However, immigration began to change in character and size in the late 1840s and early 1850s, due to the [[Revolutions of 1848|1848 revolutionary movements in Europe]].<ref>Conzen, Kathleen Neils. {{" '}}The German Athens' Milwaukee and the Accommodation of Its Immigrants 1836–1860." PhD diss., vol. 1, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1972.</ref> After 1848, hopes for a united Germany had failed, and revolutionary and radical Germans, known as the "[[Forty-Eighters]]", immigrated to the U.S. to avoid imprisonment and persecution by German authorities.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Dippel|first1=Christian|last2=Heblich|first2=Stephan|date=May 24, 2020|title=Leadership and Social Movements: The Forty-Eighters in the Civil War|url=https://www.anderson.ucla.edu/faculty_pages/christian.dippel/48ers_paper.pdf|access-date=March 2, 2021|website=UCLA Anderson|page=7|archive-date=January 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112150246/https://www.anderson.ucla.edu/faculty_pages/christian.dippel/48ers_paper.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

One of the most famous "liberal revolutionaries" of 1848 was [[Carl Schurz]]. He later explained in 1854 why he came to Milwaukee,
<blockquote>"It is true, similar things [cultural events and societies] were done in other cities where the Forty-eighters {{sic}} had congregated. But so far as I know, nowhere did their influence so quickly impress itself upon the whole social atmosphere as in 'German Athens of America' as Milwaukee was called at the time."<ref>"[http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Content.aspx?dsNav=Ny:True,Ro:0,N:4294963828-4294963788&dsNavOnly=Ntk:All%7cMilwaukee+and+Watertown+as+Seen+by+Schurz+in+1854%7c3%7c,Ny:True,Ro:0&dsRecordDetails=R:BA4176&dsDimensionSearch=D:Milwaukee+and+Watertown+as+Seen+by+Schurz+in+1854,Dxm:All,Dxp:3&dsCompoundDimensionSearch=D:Milwaukee+and+Watertown+as+Seen+by+Schurz+in+1854,Dxm:All,Dxp:3 Milwaukee and Watertown as Seen by Schurz in 1854]". ''The Milwaukee Journal'', October 21, 1941. Accessed February 5, 2013.</ref></blockquote> 

[[File:Lake Front Depot 1898 LOC ds.00203.jpg|thumb|left|Milwaukee's [[Lake Front Depot]] in 1898]]

Schurz was referring to the various clubs and societies Germans developed in Milwaukee. The American [[Turners]] established its own [[Normal College]] for teachers of physical education and the [[University School of Milwaukee|German-English Academy]].<ref>Rippley, LaVern J. and Eberhard Reichmann, trans. "The German Americans, An Ethnic Experience." [http://maxkade.iupui.edu/ Max Kade German-American Center] and [[Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis]]. (accessed February 5, 2013).</ref> Milwaukee's German element is still strongly present; the city celebrates its German culture by annually hosting a German Fest in July<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 5, 2021|title=Milwaukee's German Fest canceled over COVID-19 concerns|url=https://www.tmj4.com/news/local-news/milwaukees-german-fest-canceled-over-covid-19-concerns|access-date=March 2, 2021|website=TMJ4|language=en}}</ref> and an [[Oktoberfest]] in October. Milwaukee boasts a number of German restaurants, as well as a traditional German beer hall. A German language [[immersion school]] is offered for children in grades [[K-5 (education)|K–5]].<ref name=immersionschool>{{cite web|title=Milwaukee German Immersion School|url=http://www5.milwaukee.k12.wi.us/school/mgis/|website=5.milwaukee.k12.wi.us|access-date=April 24, 2015|archive-date=April 25, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425215726/http://www5.milwaukee.k12.wi.us/school/mgis/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Although the German presence in Milwaukee after the Civil War remained strong and their largest wave of immigrants had yet to land, other groups also made their way to the city. Foremost among these were [[Polish people|Polish]] immigrants. Because Milwaukee offered the Polish immigrants an abundance of low-paying entry-level jobs, it became home to [[List of the United States cities with large Polish-American populations|one of the largest Polish-American communities]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Introduction {{!}} Milwaukee Polonia|url=https://uwm.edu/mkepolonia/introduction/|access-date=March 2, 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> For many residents, [[Neighborhoods of Milwaukee#South Side|Milwaukee's South Side]] is synonymous with the Polish community.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Poles|url=https://emke.uwm.edu/entry/poles/|access-date=March 2, 2021|website=Encyclopedia of Milwaukee|language=en-US}}</ref> Milwaukee County's Polish population of 30,000 in 1890 rose to 100,000 by 1915.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nation of Polonia {{!}} Polish/Russian {{!}} Immigration and Relocation in U.S. History {{!}} Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress {{!}} Library of Congress|url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/immigration/polish-russian/the-nation-of-polonia/|access-date=March 2, 2021|website=Library of Congress}}</ref> [[St. Stanislaus Catholic Church (Milwaukee, Wisconsin)|St. Stanislaus Catholic Church]] and the surrounding [[Neighborhoods of Milwaukee|neighborhood]] was the center of [[Polish people|Polish]] life in Milwaukee. As the Polish community surrounding St. Stanislaus continued to grow, Mitchell Street became known as the "Polish Grand Avenue". As Mitchell Street grew more dense, the Polish population started moving south to the [[Lincoln Village, City of Milwaukee, Wisconsin|Lincoln Village neighborhood]], home to the [[Basilica of St. Josaphat]] and [[Lincoln Village, City of Milwaukee, Wisconsin#Kosciuszko Park|Kosciuszko Park]]. Other Polish communities started on [[The East Side (Milwaukee)|the East Side of Milwaukee]]. [[Neighborhoods of Milwaukee#Jones Island|Jones Island]] was a major [[commercial fishing]] center settled mostly by [[Kashubians]] and other Poles from around the [[Baltic Sea]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Beutner|first=Jeff|title=Yesterday's Milwaukee: Jones Island Fishing Village, 1898|url=https://urbanmilwaukee.com/2016/04/13/yesterdays-milwaukee-jones-island-fishing-village-1898/|access-date=March 2, 2021|website=Urban Milwaukee|language=en}}</ref> Milwaukee has the fifth-largest Polish population in the U.S. at 45,467, ranking behind [[New York City]] (211,203), [[Chicago]] (165,784), [[Los Angeles]] (60,316) and [[Philadelphia]] (52,648).<ref name="factfinder2.census.gov">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_3YR_B04003&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212213036/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_3YR_B04003&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 12, 2020|title=American FactFinder – Results|author=Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS)|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref> The city holds [[Polish Fest]], an annual celebration of [[Polish culture]] and [[Polish food|cuisine]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jsonline.com/story/entertainment/events/2018/06/13/polish-fest-100th-anniversary-poland/673094002/|title=Polish Fest celebrates the 100th anniversary of the rebirth of a nation|work=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel|access-date=October 3, 2018|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Pabst Building Milwaukee from LOC ID Service-pnp-det-4a00000-4a08000-4a08000-4a08079v.jpg|thumb|Wisconsin Street and the [[Pabst Building]] in the early 20th century]]

In addition to the Germans and Poles, Milwaukee received a large influx of other [[Europe]]an immigrants from [[Lithuania]], [[Italy]], [[Ireland]], [[France]], [[Russia]], [[Bohemia]], and [[Sweden]], who included [[American Jews|Jews]], [[Lutherans]], and [[Catholics]]. [[Italian Americans]] total 16,992 in the city, but in Milwaukee County, they number at 38,286.<ref name="factfinder2.census.gov" /> The largest Italian-American festival in the area, ''Festa Italiana'', is held in the city, while ''Irishfest'' is the largest Irish-American festival in southeast Wisconsin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~gbhs/resources/unitedstates/Milwaukee.html|title=Aus dem Egerland, nach Milwaukee|last=Muehlhans-Karides|first=Susan|access-date=April 25, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423173335/http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~gbhs/resources/unitedstates/Milwaukee.html|archive-date=April 23, 2010}}</ref> By 1910, Milwaukee shared the distinction with [[New York City]] of having the largest percentage of foreign-born residents in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uwm.edu/lib-collections/mkenh/|title=Milwaukee Neighborhoods: Photos and Maps, 1885–1992|publisher=[[University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee]]|access-date=December 5, 2017|archive-date=February 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205060424/https://uwm.edu/lib-collections/mkenh/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1910, European descendants ("Whites") represented 99.7% of the city's total population of 373,857.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historical Census Statistics On Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For Large Cities And Other Urban Places In The United States|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html|access-date=December 24, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html|archive-date=August 12, 2012}}</ref> Milwaukee has a strong [[Greek Orthodox]] Community, many of whom attend the [[Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church]] on Milwaukee's northwest side, designed by Wisconsin-born architect [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]. Milwaukee has a sizable [[Croats|Croatian]] population, with Croatian churches and their own historic and successful soccer club [[Croatian Eagles|The Croatian Eagles]] at the 30-acre Croatian Park in Franklin, Wisconsin.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

Milwaukee also has a large [[Serbs|Serbian]] population, who have developed Serbian restaurants, a [[St. Sava Orthodox School|Serbian K–8 School]], and Serbian churches, along with an American Serb Hall. The American Serb Hall in Milwaukee is known for its Friday fish fries and popular events. Many U.S. presidents have visited Milwaukee's Serb Hall in the past. The Bosnian population is growing in Milwaukee as well due to late-20th-century immigration after the war in [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]].{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

During this time, a small community of [[African American]]s migrated from the [[Southern United States|South]] in the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]]. They settled near each other, forming a community that came to be known as [[Neighborhoods of Milwaukee#Bronzeville|Bronzeville]]. As industry boomed, more migrants came, and African-American influence grew in Milwaukee.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Geenen|first=Paul H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwc40zNjW9MC&q=Milwaukee+bronzeville&pg=PA6|title=Milwaukee's Bronzeville, 1900–1950|date=2006|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-0-7385-4061-0|language=en}}</ref>

In 1892, [[Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin|Whitefish Bay]], [[South Milwaukee]], and [[Wauwatosa]] were incorporated. They were followed by [[Cudahy, Wisconsin|Cudahy]] (1895), North Milwaukee (1897) and East Milwaukee, later known as [[Shorewood, Wisconsin|Shorewood]], in 1900. In the early 20th century, [[West Allis]] (1902), and [[West Milwaukee]] (1906) were added, which completed the first generation of "inner-ring" suburbs.