Editing Millipede (section)

===Living groups===
[[File:Octoglena sierra (Family Polyzoniidae) (3405605943).jpg|thumb|200px|right|alt=''Octoglena sierra''|''[[Octoglena sierra]]'' ([[Colobognatha]], [[Polyzoniida]])]]
[[File:Anadenobolus monilicornis 03.JPG|thumb|right|200px|alt=''Anadenobolus monilicornis''|''[[Anadenobolus monilicornis]]'' ([[Juliformia]], [[Spirobolida]])]]
[[File:Harpaphe haydeniana 0446.JPG|thumb|right|200px|alt=''Harpaphe haydeniana''|''[[Harpaphe haydeniana]]'' ([[Polydesmida]])]]
The history of scientific millipede classification began with [[Carl Linnaeus]], who in his [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'']], 1758, named seven species of ''[[Julus (millipede)|Julus]]'' as "Insecta Aptera" (wingless insects).<ref name=Linnaeus>{{cite book|author=Caroli Linnaei|year=1758|title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis|volume=v.1|pages=639–640|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727552|publisher=Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii|access-date=2018-02-20|archive-date=2018-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712040225/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727552|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1802, the French zoologist [[Pierre André Latreille]] proposed the name Chilognatha as the first group of what are now the Diplopoda, and in 1840 the German naturalist [[Johann Friedrich von Brandt]] produced the first detailed classification. The name Diplopoda itself was coined in 1844 by the French zoologist [[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville]]. From 1890 to 1940, millipede taxonomy was driven by relatively few researchers at any given time, with major contributions by [[Carl Attems]], [[Karl Wilhelm Verhoeff]] and [[Ralph Vary Chamberlin]], who each described over 1,000 species, as well as [[Orator F. Cook]], [[Filippo Silvestri]], [[R. I. Pocock]], and [[Henry Wilfred Brolemann|Henry W. Brölemann]].<ref name=SierwaldBond2007/> This was a period when the science of diplopodology flourished: rates of species descriptions were on average the highest in history, sometimes exceeding 300 per year.<ref name="Brewer et al 2012 PLOS">{{cite journal|last1=Brewer|first1=Michael S.|last2=Sierwald|first2=Petra|last3=Bond|first3=Jason E.|title=Millipede taxonomy after 250 years: Classification and taxonomic practices in a mega-diverse yet understudied arthropod group|journal=PLOS ONE |year=2012 |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=e37240 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0037240 |pmid=22615951|pmc=3352885|bibcode=2012PLoSO...737240B|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In 1971, the Dutch biologist [[C. A. W. Jeekel]] published a comprehensive listing of all known millipede genera and families described between 1758 and 1957 in his ''Nomenclator Generum et Familiarum Diplopodorum'', a work credited as launching the "modern era" of millipede taxonomy.<ref name=Shelley2007>{{cite journal|author=Shelley, R. M.|year=2007|title=Taxonomy of extant Diplopoda (Millipeds) in the modern era: Perspectives for future advancements and observations on the global diplopod community (Arthropoda: Diplopoda)|journal=Zootaxa|volume=1668|pages=343–362|url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/z01668p362f.pdf|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.18|access-date=2014-11-11|archive-date=2014-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226050727/http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/z01668p362f.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=NomenclatorII>{{cite book|last=Shelley|first=Rowland M.|title=Nomenclator generum et familiarum Diplopodorum II : a list of the genus and family-group names in the class Diplopoda from 1958 through 1999|year=2000|publisher=Pensoft|location=Sofia, Bulgaria|isbn=978-954-642-107-4|page=5 |author2=Sierwald, Petra |author3=Kiser, Selena B. |author4= Golovatch, Sergei I.}}</ref> In 1980, the American biologist [[Richard L. Hoffman]] published a classification of millipedes which recognized the Penicillata, Pentazonia, and Helminthomorpha,<ref>{{cite book|last=Hoffman|first= Richard L.|year= 1980|title= Classification of the Diplopoda| publisher=Muséum d'Historie Naturelle|location= Geneva, Switzerland|pages=1–237}}</ref> and the first phylogenetic analysis of millipede orders using modern [[cladistics|cladistic methods]] was published in 1984 by Henrik Enghoff of Denmark.<ref name=Enghoff1984>{{cite journal|last1=Enghoff|first1=H.|title=Phylogeny of millipedes – a cladistic analysis|journal=Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research|date=1984|volume=22|issue=1|pages=8–26|doi=10.1111/j.1439-0469.1984.tb00559.x}}</ref> A 2003 classification by the American myriapodologist Rowland Shelley is similar to the one originally proposed by Verhoeff, and remains the currently accepted classification scheme (shown below), despite more recent molecular studies proposing conflicting relationships.<ref name="SierwaldBond2007" /><ref name=Shear.Edgecombe2010/> A 2011 summary of millipede family diversity by [[William Shear|William A. Shear]] placed the order [[Siphoniulida]] within the larger group Nematophora.<ref name="Shear 2011 class." />

{{clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:95%;
 |label1='''Diplopoda'''
 |1={{clade
  |label1=Penicillata
  |1={{clade
   |1=[[Polyxenida]]
  }}
  |label2=Chilognatha
  |2={{clade
   |label1=[[Pentazonia]]
   |1={{clade
    |label1=Limacomorpha
    |1=[[Glomeridesmida]]
    |label2=[[Oniscomorpha]]
    |2={{clade
     |1=[[Glomerida]]
     |2=[[Sphaerotheriida]]
    }}
   }}
   |label2=[[Helminthomorpha]]
   |2={{clade
    |label1=[[Colobognatha]]
    |1={{clade
     |1=[[Platydesmida]]
     |2=[[Siphonocryptida]]
     |3=[[Polyzoniida]]
     |4=[[Siphonophorida]]
    }}
    |label2=[[Eugnatha]]
    |2={{clade
     |label1=[[Nematophora]]
     |1={{clade
      |1=[[Chordeumatida]]
      |2=[[Callipodida]]
      |3=[[Stemmiulida]]
      |4=[[Siphoniulida]]
     }}
     |label2=[[Merocheta]]
     |2={{clade
      |1=[[Polydesmida]]
     }}
     |label3=[[Juliformia]]
     |3={{clade
      |1=[[Julida]]
      |2=[[Spirobolida]]
      |3=[[Spirostreptida]]
     }}
    }}
   }}
  }}
 }}
}}