Editing Millet (section)

== Evolution ==

=== Phylogeny ===

The millets are closely related to [[sorghum]] and [[maize]] within the [[PACMAD clade]] of grasses,<ref name="GWPGII">{{cite journal |author=Grass Phylogeny Working Group II| title=New grass phylogeny resolves deep evolutionary relationships and discovers C<sub>4</sub> origins | journal=New Phytologist |volume=193 |issue=2 |year=2012 |pages=304–312 |issn=0028-646X |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03972.x |pmid=22115274| bibcode=2012NewPh.193..304. | hdl=2262/73271 |hdl-access=free }} {{open access}}</ref> and more distantly to the [[cereal]]s of the [[BOP clade]] such as [[wheat]] and [[barley]].<ref name="Escobar Scornavacca Cenci Guilhaumon 2011">{{cite journal |last1=Escobar |first1=Juan S |last2=Scornavacca |first2=Céline |last3=Cenci |first3=Alberto |last4=Guilhaumon |first4=Claire |last5=Santoni |first5=Sylvain |last6=Douzery |first6=Emmanuel J. P. |last7=Ranwez |first7=Vincent |last8=Glémin |first8=Sylvain |last9=David |first9=Jacques |display-authors=5 |title=Multigenic phylogeny and analysis of tree incongruences in Triticeae (Poaceae) |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=11 |issue=1 |date=2011 |page=181 |pmid=21702931 |pmc=3142523 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-11-181 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2011BMCEE..11..181E }}</ref> 

{{clade|style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%
|label1=(Part of [[Poaceae]])
|1={{clade
   |label1=[[BOP clade]]<!--<ref name="Escobar Scornavacca Cenci Guilhaumon 2011"/>-->
   |1={{clade
      |1=[[Bambusoideae]] (bamboos)
      |2={{clade
         |label1=[[Pooideae]]
         |1={{clade
            |label1= [[Poeae]]
            |1=''[[Avena]]'' (oat), [[fescue]], [[ryegrass]]
            |label2=[[Triticeae]]
            |2={{clade
               |1=''[[Hordeum]]'' (barley)
               |2={{clade
                  |1=''[[Triticum]]'' (wheat)
                  |2=''[[Secale]]'' (rye)
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         |2=''[[Oryza]]'' (rice)
         }}
      }}
   |label2=[[PACMAD clade]]<!--<ref name="GWPGII"/>-->
   |2={{clade
      |1=[[Aristidoideae]] 
      |2={{clade
         |1=[[Panicoideae]] (most '''millets'''; [[sorghum]]; [[maize]])
         |2={{clade
            |1={{clade
               |1=[[Chloridoideae]] ('''finger millet; teff''') 
               |2=[[Danthonioideae]] 
               }}
            |2={{clade
               |1=[[Arundinoideae]] 
               |2=[[Micrairoideae]] 
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

Within the Panicoideae, sorghum (great millet<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=14 December 2021 }}</ref>) is in the tribe ''[[Andropogoneae]]'', while pearl millet, proso, foxtail, fonio, little millet, sawa, Japanese barnyard millet and kodo are in the tribe ''[[Paniceae]]''.<ref name="Soreng Peterson 2022"/><ref name="Morrone Aagesen 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Morrone |first1=Osvaldo |last2=Aagesen |first2=Lone |last3=Scataglini |first3=Maria A. |last4=Salariato |first4=Diego L. |last5=Denham |first5=Silvia S. |last6=Chemisquy |first6=Maria A. |last7=Sede |first7=Silvana M. |last8=Giussani |first8=Liliana M. |last9=Kellogg |first9=Elizabeth A. |last10=Zuloaga |first10=Fernando O. |display-authors=5 |title=Phylogeny of the Paniceae (Poaceae: Panicoideae): integrating plastid DNA sequences and morphology into a new classification |journal=Cladistics |volume=28 |issue=4 |date=2012  |doi=10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00384.x |pages=333–356|pmid=34836451 }}</ref> Within the Chloridoideae, finger millet is in the tribe ''[[Cynodonteae]]'', while teff is in the tribe ''[[Eragrostideae]]''.<ref name="Soreng Peterson 2022">{{cite journal |last1=Soreng |first1=Robert J. |last2=Peterson |first2=Paul M. |last3=Zuloaga |first3=Fernando O. |last4=Romaschenko |first4=Konstantin |last5=Clark |first5=Lynn G. |last6=Teisher |first6=Jordan K. |last7=Gillespie |first7=Lynn J. |last8=Barberá |first8=Patricia |last9=Welker |first9=Cassiano A. D. |last10=Kellogg |first10=Elizabeth A. |last11=Li |first11=De-Zhu |last12=Davidse |first12=Gerrit |display-authors=5 |title=A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) III: An update |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=60 |issue=3 |date=2022 |doi=10.1111/jse.12847 |pages=476–521|bibcode=2022JSyEv..60..476S }}</ref>

=== Taxonomy ===

The different species of millets are not all closely related.  All are members of the family [[Poaceae]] (the grasses), but they belong to different [[tribe (biology)|tribe]]s and subfamilies. Commonly cultivated millets are:<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Taylor |editor-first1=John R.N. |editor-last2=Duodu |editor-first2=Kwaku G. |date=2019 |title=Sorghum and Millets: Chemistry, Technology, and Nutritional Attributes |edition=2nd |url=https://shop.elsevier.com/books/sorghum-and-millets/taylor/978-0-12-811527-5 |publisher=Elsevier |page=3 |isbn=978-0-12-811527-5}}</ref>

[[Eragrostideae]] tribe in the subfamily [[Chloridoideae]]:

* ''[[Eleusine coracana]]'': Finger millet
* ''[[Eragrostis tef]]'': Teff; often not considered to be a millet<ref name="fao1">{{cite web |title=Sorghum and millet in human nutrition |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=1995 |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/T0818E/T0818E00.htm |access-date=2012-01-07 |archive-date=2018-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001231759/http://www.fao.org/docrep/T0818e/T0818E00.HTM }}</ref>

[[Paniceae]] tribe in the subfamily [[Panicoideae]]:

* Genus ''[[Panicum]]'':
** ''[[Proso millet|Panicum miliaceum]]'': Proso millet (common millet, broomcorn millet, hog millet, or white millet, also known as baragu in Kannada, panivaragu in Tamil)
** ''[[Panicum sumatrense]]'': Little millet
** ''[[Panicum hirticaule]]'': Sonoran millet, cultivated in the American Southwest
* ''[[Cenchrus americanus]]'': Pearl millet
[[File:A closeup of Pearl Millet (Cumbu).JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Pearl millet (''Cenchrus americanus'')|alt=Closeup picture of pearl millet]]
* ''[[Setaria italica]]'': Foxtail millet, Italian millet, panic<ref>{{Cite OED|panic}} from classical Latin pānicum (or pānīcum) Italian millet.</ref>
* Genus ''[[Digitaria]]'': of minor importance as crops<ref name=fao1/>
** ''[[Digitaria exilis]]'': known as white fonio, fonio millet, and hungry rice or acha rice
** ''[[Digitaria iburua]]'': Black fonio
** ''[[Digitaria compacta]]'': Raishan, cultivated in the [[Khasi Hills]] of northeast India
** ''[[Digitaria sanguinalis]]'': Polish millet
* Genus ''[[Echinochloa]]'': collectively, the members of this genus are called ''barnyard grasses'' or ''barnyard millets''
** ''[[Echinochloa esculenta]]'': Japanese barnyard millet
** ''[[Echinochloa frumentacea]]'': Indian barnyard millet
** ''[[Echinochloa stagnina]]'': Burgu millet
** ''[[Echinochloa crus-galli]]'': Common barnyard grass (or cockspur grass)
* ''[[Paspalum scrobiculatum]]'': Kodo millet
[[File:A closeup of Varagu millet with husk..JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Kodo millet (''Paspalum scrobiculatum'')|alt=Closeup picture of kodo millet]]
* Genus [[Urochloa]] (formerly Brachiaria)
** ''[[Urochloa deflexa]]'': Guinea millet
** ''[[Urochloa ramosa]]'': Browntop millet, southern India<ref>{{cite web |title=Browntop Millet |url=https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_urra.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_urra.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="GA-browntop">{{Cite book| publisher = Springer New York| isbn = 978-1-4419-0426-3| pages = 1021–1024| editor-last = Smith|editor-first = Claire| last1 = Kingwell-Banham| first1 = Eleanor| last2 = Fuller| first2 = Dorian Q.| title = Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology| chapter = Brown Top Millet: Origins and Development| location = New York, NY| access-date = 2025-01-15| date = 2014| doi = 10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_2318| chapter-url = http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_2318}}</ref>
* ''[[Spodiopogon formosanus]]'': Taiwan oil millet, endemic to Taiwan<ref name="Takei 2013">Takei, Emiko (October 2013). ''[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267747587_Millet_Culture_and_Indigenous_Cuisine_in_Taiwan Millet Culture and Indigenous Cuisine in Taiwan]''. The 2013 International Conference on Chinese Food Culture, Kunming, Yunnan, China.</ref>

[[Andropogoneae]] tribe, also in the subfamily [[Panicoideae]]:

* ''[[Sorghum bicolor]]'': Sorghum; usually considered a separate cereal, but sometimes known as ''great millet''
* ''[[Job's tears|Coix lacryma-jobi]]'': Job's tears, also known as adlay millet<ref name=fao1/>