Editing Milk (section)

==History==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2004-0708-501, Berlin, Milch von Bolle in der Pause.jpg|thumb|upright|Drinking milk in Germany in 1932]]
Humans first learned to consume the milk of other mammals regularly following the domestication of animals during the [[Neolithic Revolution]] or the development of agriculture. This development occurred independently in several global locations from as early as 9000–7000{{nbsp}}BC in [[Mesopotamia]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Bellwood |first=Peter |title=First Farmers: the origins of agricultural societies |year=2005 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |location=Malden, MA |isbn=978-0-631-20566-1 |pages=44–68 |chapter=The Beginnings of Agriculture in Southwest Asia}}</ref> to 3500–3000{{nbsp}}BC in the Americas.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bellwood |first=Peter |title=First Farmers: the origins of agricultural societies |year=2005 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |location=Malden, MA |isbn=978-0-631-20566-1 |pages=146–79 |chapter=Early Agriculture in the Americas}}</ref> People first domesticated the most important dairy animals&nbsp;– cattle, sheep and goats&nbsp;– in Southwest Asia, although domestic cattle had been independently derived from wild [[aurochs]] populations several times since.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The origin of European cattle: Evidence from modern and ancient DNA |doi=10.1073/pnas.0509210103 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=103 |issue=21 |pages=8113–18 |year=2006 |pmid=16690747 |pmc=1472438 |last1=Beja-Pereira |first1=A. |last2=Caramelli |first2=D. |last3=Lalueza-Fox |first3=C. |last4=Vernesi |first4=C. |last5=Ferrand |first5=N. |last6=Casoli |first6=A. |last7=Goyache |first7=F. |last8=Royo |first8=L.J. |last9=Conti |first9=S. | last10 = Lari | first10 = M. |last11=Martini |first11=A. |last12=Ouragh |first12=L. |last13=Magid |first13=A. |last14=Atash |first14=A. |last15=Zsolnai |first15=A. |last16=Boscato |first16=P. |last17=Triantaphylidis |first17=C. |last18=Ploumi |first18=K. |last19=Sineo |first19=L. | last20 = Mallegni | first20 = F. |last21=Taberlet |first21=P. |last22=Erhardt |first22=G. |last23=Sampietro |first23=L. |last24=Bertranpetit |first24=J. |last25=Barbujani |first25=G. |last26=Luikart |first26=G. |last27=Bertorelle |first27=G. |bibcode=2006PNAS..103.8113B|doi-access=free}}</ref> Initially animals were kept for meat, and archaeologist [[Andrew Sherratt]] has suggested that dairying, along with the exploitation of domestic animals for hair and labor, began much later in a separate [[secondary products revolution]] in the fourth millennium BC.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sherratt |first=Andrew |title=Pattern of the Past: Studies in honour of David Clarke |year=1981 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-22763-6 |pages=261–305|editor1-last=Hodder|editor1-first=I.|editor2-last=Isaac|editor2-first=G.|editor3-last=Hammond|editor3-first=N. |chapter=Plough and pastoralism: aspects of the secondary products revolution}}</ref> Sherratt's model is not supported by recent findings, based on the analysis of [[lipid]] residue in prehistoric pottery, that shows that dairying was practiced in the early phases of agriculture in Southwest Asia, by at least the seventh millennium BC.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vigne |first2=J.-D. |last2=Helmer |first1=D. |title=Was milk a 'secondary product' in the Old World Neolithisation process? Its role in the domestication of cattle, sheep and goats |journal=Anthropozoologica |year=2007 |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=9–40 |url=http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/front/medias/publication/12514_009_040.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510010227/http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/front/medias/publication/12514_009_040.pdf |archive-date=May 10, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Evershed |first1=R.P. |last2=Payne |first2=S. |last3=Sherratt |first3=A.G. |last4=Copley |first4=M.S. |last5=Coolidge |first5=J. |last6=Urem-Kotsu |first6=D. |last7=Kotsakis |first7=K. |last8=Ozdoğan |first8=M. |last9=Ozdoğan |first9=A.E. |doi=10.1038/nature07180 | last10 = Nieuwenhuyse | first10 = O. |last11=Akkermans |first11=P.M.M.G. |last12=Bailey |first12=D. |last13=Andeescu |first13=R.R. |last14=Campbell |first14=S. |last15=Farid |first15=S. |last16=Hodder |first16=I. |last17=Yalman |first17=N. |last18=Ozbaşaran |first18=M. |last19=Biçakci |first19=E. | last20 = Garfinkel | first20 = Y. |last21=Levy |first21=T. |last22=Burton |first22=M.M. |title=Earliest date for milk use in the Near East and southeastern Europe linked to cattle herding |journal=Nature |volume=455 |issue=7212 |pages=528–31 |year=2008 |pmid=18690215 |bibcode=2008Natur.455..528E |s2cid=205214225}}</ref>

From Southwest Asia domestic dairy animals spread to Europe (beginning around 7000 BC but did not reach Britain and Scandinavia until after 4000 BC),<ref>{{cite book |last=Price |first=T.D. |title=Europe's First Farmers |year=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-66203-1 |pages=1–18 |editor=T.D. Price |chapter=Europe's first farmers: an introduction}}</ref> and South Asia (7000–5500&nbsp;BC).<ref>{{cite book |last=Meadow |first=R.H. |title=The origins and spread of agriculture and pastoralism in Eurasia |year=1996 |publisher=UCL Press |location=London |isbn=978-1-85728-538-3 |pages=390–412 |editor=D.R. Harris |chapter=The origins and spread of agriculture and pastoralism in northwestern South Asia}}</ref> The first farmers in central Europe<ref>{{cite journal |last=Craig |first=Oliver E. |author2=John Chapman |author3=Carl Heron |author4=Laura H. Willis |author5=László Bartosiewicz |author6=Gillian Taylor |author7=Alasdair Whittle |author8=Matthew Collins |title=Did the first farmers of central and eastern Europe produce dairy foods? |journal=Antiquity |year=2005 |volume=79 |issue=306 |pages=882–94 |hdl=10149/136330 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00115017 |arxiv=0706.4406|s2cid=53378351 }}</ref> and Britain<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Copley |first1=M.S. |last2=Berstan |first2=R. |last3=Mukherjee |first3=A.J. |last4=Dudd |first4=S.N. |last5=Straker |first5=V. |last6=Payne |first6=S. |last7=Evershed |first7=R.P. |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2004.08.006 |title=Dairying in antiquity. III. Evidence from absorbed lipid residues dating to the British Neolithic |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=523–56 |year=2005|bibcode=2005JArSc..32..523C }}</ref> milked their animals. [[Pastoralism|Pastoral]] and [[Nomadic pastoralism|pastoral nomadic]] economies, which rely predominantly or exclusively on domestic animals and their products rather than crop farming, were developed as European farmers moved into the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe]] in the fourth millennium BC, and subsequently spread across much of the [[Eurasian steppe]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Anthony |first=D.W. |title=The Horse, the Wheel, and Language |year=2007 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, NJ |isbn=978-0-691-05887-0}}</ref> Sheep and goats were introduced to Africa from Southwest Asia, but African cattle may have been independently domesticated around 7000–6000{{nbsp}}BC.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gifford-Gonzalez |first=D. |title=African archaeology: a critical introduction |year=2004 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |location=Malden, MA |isbn=978-1-4051-0155-4 |pages=187–224 |editor=A.B. Stahl |chapter=Pastoralism and its Consequences}}</ref> Camels, domesticated in central Arabia in the fourth millennium BC, have also been used as dairy animals in North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Peters |first1=J. |title=The dromedary: Ancestry, history of domestication and medical treatment in early historic times |journal=Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=559–65 |year=1997 |pmid=9451759}}</ref> The earliest Egyptian records of burn treatments describe burn dressings using milk from mothers of male babies.<ref name="Pećanac-">{{Cite journal |last1=Pećanac |first1=M. |last2=Janjić |first2=Z. |last3=Komarcević |first3=A. |last4=Pajić |first4=M. |last5=Dobanovacki |first5=D. |last6=Misković |first6=SS. |title=Burns treatment in ancient times |journal=Med Pregl |volume=66 |issue=5–6 |pages=263–67 |year=2013 |doi=10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00603-5 |pmid=23888738}}</ref> In the rest of the world (i.e., East and Southeast Asia, the Americas and Australia), milk and dairy products were historically not a large part of the diet, either because they remained populated by [[hunter-gatherers]] who did not keep animals or the local agricultural economies did not include domesticated dairy species. Milk consumption became common in these regions comparatively recently, as a consequence of European [[colonialism]] and political domination over much of the world in the last 500 years.

In the [[Middle Ages]], milk was called the "virtuous white liquor" because alcoholic beverages were safer to consume than the water generally available.<ref>
{{cite book |last=Valenze |first=D.M. |title=Milk: a local and global history |year=2011 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |isbn=978-0-300-11724-0 |page=34 |chapter=Virtuous White Liquor in the Middle Ages |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/milklocalglobalh00vale_0}}</ref> Incorrectly thought to be blood diverted from the womb to the breast, it was also known as "white blood", and treated like blood for religious dietary purposes and in [[humoral theory]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Lawrence Trevelyan |last=Weaver |title=White Blood: A History of Human Milk |publisher=Unicorn Publishing Group |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-913491-26-0}}</ref>

[[James Rosier|James Rosier's]] record of the 1605 voyage made by [[George Weymouth]] to New England reported that the [[Wabanaki Confederacy|Wabanaki]] people Weymouth captured in Maine milked "Rain-Deere and Fallo-Deere." But Journalist [[Avery Yale Kamila]] and food historians said Rosier "misinterpreted the evidence." Historians report the Wabanaki did not domesticate deer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamila |first=Avery Yale |date=November 8, 2020 |title=Americans have been enjoying nut milk and nut butter for at least 4 centuries |url=https://www.pressherald.com/2020/11/08/vegan-kitchen-americans-have-been-enjoying-nut-milk-and-nut-butter-for-at-least-4-centuries/ |access-date=January 6, 2021 |website=Portland Press Herald |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108211852/https://www.pressherald.com/2020/11/08/vegan-kitchen-americans-have-been-enjoying-nut-milk-and-nut-butter-for-at-least-4-centuries/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wabanaki Enjoying Nut Milk and Butter for Centuries |url=https://www.atowi.org/press/wabanaki-enjoying-nut-milk-and-butter-for-centuries |access-date=January 7, 2021 |website=Atowi |language=en-US |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109040429/https://www.atowi.org/press/wabanaki-enjoying-nut-milk-and-butter-for-centuries |url-status=live }}</ref> The tribes of the northern woodlands have historically been making [[Plant milk|nut milk]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Diemer-Eaton |first=Jessica |date=2014 |title=Food Nuts of the Eastern Woodlands Native Peoples |url=http://www.woodlandindianedu.com/foodnuts.html |access-date=January 7, 2021 |website=Woodland Indian Educational Programs |archive-date=November 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125031121/http://www.woodlandindianedu.com/foodnuts.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Cows were imported to [[New England]] in 1624.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bowling |first=G. A. |date=February 1, 1942 |title=The Introduction of Cattle into Colonial North America* |journal=Journal of Dairy Science |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=129–154 |doi=10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(42)95275-5 |issn=0022-0302|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Industrialization===
[[File:SR 4409 6 Wheeled Milk Wagon Didcot Railway Centre.jpg|thumb|right|Preserved [[Express Dairies]] three-axle milk tank wagon at the [[Didcot Railway Centre]], based on an [[Southern Railway (Great Britain)|SR]] chassis]]
The growth in urban population, coupled with the expansion of the railway network in the mid-19th century, brought about a revolution in milk production and supply. Individual railway firms began transporting milk from rural areas to London from the 1840s and 1850s. Possibly the first such instance was in 1846, when [[St Thomas's Hospital]] in [[Southwark]] contracted with milk suppliers outside London to ship milk by rail.<ref name="Atkins">{{cite journal |title=The Growth of London's Railway Milk Trade, c.{{nbsp}}1845–1914 |author=P.J. Atkins |journal=Journal of Transport History |volume=ss-4 |issue=4 |pages=208–26 |year=1978 |url=https://www.academia.edu/3165543 |doi=10.1177/002252667800400402 |s2cid=158443104 |access-date=December 3, 2017 |archive-date=February 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216185904/https://www.academia.edu/3165543/The_growth_of_London_s_railway_milk_trade_c_1845_1914 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Great Western Railway]] was an early and enthusiastic adopter, and began to transport milk into London from [[Maidenhead]] in 1860, despite much criticism. By 1900, the company was transporting over {{convert|25|e6impgal|e6l e6USgal|abbr=off}} annually.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dairyco.org.uk/talking-to-the-public/talking-to-schools/providing-school-milk/the-history-of-milk/ |title=The History of Milk |publisher=DairyCo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116060017/http://www.dairyco.org.uk/talking-to-the-public/talking-to-schools/providing-school-milk/the-history-of-milk/ |archive-date=January 16, 2014}}</ref> The milk trade grew slowly through the 1860s, but went through a period of extensive, structural change in the 1870s and 1880s.

[[File:Aesthetic Milk Vehicle.jpg|thumb|Milk transportation in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu]]]]
Urban demand began to grow, as consumer purchasing power increased and milk became regarded as a required daily commodity. Over the last three decades of the 19th century, demand for milk in most parts of the country doubled or, in some cases, tripled. [[Public Health Acts|Legislation in 1875]] made the adulteration of milk illegal{{nbsp}}– This combined with a marketing campaign to change the image of milk. The proportion of rural imports by rail as a percentage of total milk consumption in London grew from under 5% in the 1860s to over 96% by the early 20th century. By that point, the supply system for milk was the most highly organized and integrated of any food product.<ref name="Atkins" /> Milk was analyzed for infection with [[tuberculosis]]. In 1907 180 samples were tested in Birmingham and 13.3% were found to be infected.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Otter |first1=Chris |title=Diet for a large planet |date=2020 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=USA |isbn=978-0-226-69710-9 |page=115 }}</ref>

The first glass bottle packaging for milk was used in the 1870s. The first company to do so may have been the New York Dairy Company in 1877. The [[Express Dairies|Express Dairy Company]] in England began glass bottle production in 1880. In 1884, Hervey Thatcher, an American inventor from New York, invented a glass [[milk bottle]], called "Thatcher's Common Sense Milk Jar," which was sealed with a waxed paper disk.<ref name="milk history"/> In 1932, [[plastic-coated paper]] milk cartons were introduced commercially.<ref name="milk history"/>

In 1863, French chemist and biologist [[Louis Pasteur]] invented pasteurization, a method of killing harmful bacteria in beverages and food products.<ref name="milk history">[https://archive.today/20130102002120/http://inventors.about.com/od/mstartinventions/a/milk.htm "The History Of Milk"], [[About.com]]. Retrieved August 13, 2010.</ref> He developed this method while on summer vacation in [[Arbois]], to remedy the frequent acidity of the local wines.<ref name=VR1928>{{cite book |pages=113–14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rQ_hjAuH9xEC&pg=PA113 |title=Life of Pasteur 1928 |isbn=978-0-7661-4352-4 |last1=Vallery-Radot |first1=René |year=2003 | publisher=Kessinger |access-date=November 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101072908/https://books.google.com/books?id=rQ_hjAuH9xEC&pg=PA113 |archive-date=January 1, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> He found out experimentally that it is sufficient to heat a young wine to only about {{convert|50|-|60|°C|°F}} for a brief time to kill the microbes, and that the wine could be nevertheless properly [[aging of wine|aged]] without sacrificing the final quality.<ref name=VR1928 /> In honor of Pasteur, the process became known as "pasteurization". Pasteurization was originally used as a way of preventing wine and beer from souring.<ref>Carlisle, Rodney (2004). ''Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries'', p. 357. John Wiley & Songs, Inc., New Jersey. {{ISBN|0-471-24410-4}}.</ref> Commercial pasteurizing equipment was produced in Germany in the 1880s, and producers adopted the process in [[Copenhagen]] and [[Stockholm]] by 1885.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The pasteurization of England: the science, culture and health implications of food processing, 1900–1950 |journal=Food, Science, Policy and Regulation in the 20th Century |author=Peter Atkins |date=January 2000 |url=https://www.academia.edu/3161171 |access-date=December 3, 2017 |archive-date=February 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216190218/https://www.academia.edu/3161171/The_pasteurization_of_England_the_science_culture_and_health_implications_of_food_processing_1900_1950 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="HwangHuang2009">{{cite book |last1=Hwang |first1=Andy |last2=Huang |first2=Lihan |title=Ready-to-Eat Foods: Microbial Concerns and Control Measures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbOrQP33U6EC&pg=PA88 |access-date=April 19, 2011 |date=January 31, 2009 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-6862-7 |page=88 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602041236/http://books.google.com/books?id=AbOrQP33U6EC&pg=PA88 |archive-date=June 2, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>