Editing Max Born (section)

==Later life==
In January 1933, the [[Nazi Party]] came to power in Germany. In May, Born became one of six Jewish professors at Göttingen who were suspended with pay; Franck had already resigned. In twelve years they had built Göttingen into one of the world's foremost centres for physics.{{sfn|Greenspan|2005|pp=174–177}} Born began looking for a new job, writing to Maria Göppert-Mayer at [[Johns Hopkins University]] and Rudi Ladenburg at [[Princeton University]]. He accepted an offer from [[St John's College, Cambridge]].{{sfn|Greenspan|2005|pp=180–184}} At Cambridge, he wrote a popular science book, ''The Restless Universe'', and a textbook, ''Atomic Physics'', that soon became a standard text, going through seven editions. His family soon settled into life in England, with his daughters Irene and Gritli becoming engaged to Welshman Brinley (Bryn) Newton-John and Englishman [[Maurice Pryce]] respectively.  Born's granddaughter [[Olivia Newton-John]] was the daughter of Irene.<ref name=sdcohlrts>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zlVOAAAAIBAJ&pg=6791%2C3415413|newspaper=Spokane Daily Chronicle |location=(Washington, U.S.) |agency=Associated Press |title=Olivia had long road to stardom |date=15 April 1976 |page=19 }}</ref>{{sfn|Kemmer|Schlapp|1971|p=22}}{{sfn|Greenspan|2005|pp=200–201}}
[[File:Max Born 1937.jpg|thumb|left|Max and Hedi Born in Indian clothes, Bangalore, India, {{circa|1937}}]]
Born's position at Cambridge was only a temporary one, and his tenure at Göttingen was terminated in May 1935. He therefore accepted an offer from [[C. V. Raman]] to go to [[Bangalore]] in 1935.{{sfn|Greenspan|2005|p=199}} Born considered taking a permanent position there, but the [[Indian Institute of Science]] did not create an additional chair for him.{{sfn|Greenspan|2005|pp=205–208}} In November 1935, the Born family had their German citizenship revoked, rendering them [[Statelessness|stateless]]. A few weeks later Göttingen cancelled Born's doctorate.{{sfn|Greenspan|2005|p=224}} Born considered an offer from [[Pyotr Kapitsa]] in Moscow, and started taking Russian lessons from [[Rudolf Peierls]]'s Russian-born wife Genia. But then [[Charles Galton Darwin]] asked Born if he would consider becoming his successor as Tait Professor of [[Natural Philosophy]] at the [[University of Edinburgh]], an offer that Born promptly accepted,{{sfn|Greenspan|2005|pp=210–211}} assuming the chair in October 1936.{{sfn|Kemmer|Schlapp|1971|p=22}}

In Edinburgh, Born promoted the teaching of [[mathematical physics]]. He had two German assistants, E. Walter Kellermann and [[Klaus Fuchs]], and one Scottish assistant, [[Robert Schlapp]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Obits2/Schlapp_RSE_Obituary.html |title=Robert Schlapp M.A.(Edin.), Ph.D.(Cantab.) |first=Nicholas |last=Kemmer |author-link=Nicholas Kemmer |access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref> and together they continued to investigate the mysterious behaviour of [[electron]]s.{{sfn|Greenspan|2005|pp=218–220}} Born became a Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]] in 1937, and of the [[Royal Society of London]] in March 1939. During 1939, he got as many of his remaining friends and relatives still in Germany as he could out of the country, including his sister Käthe, in-laws Kurt and Marga, and the daughters of his friend Heinrich Rausch von Traubenberg. Hedi ran a domestic bureau, placing young Jewish women in jobs. Born received his certificate of naturalisation as a [[British subject]] on 31 August 1939, one day before the [[Second World War]] broke out in Europe.{{sfn|Greenspan|2005|pp=225–226}}
[[File:Grave of Max Born at Stadtfriedhof Göttingen 2017 01.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Born's gravestone in Göttingen is inscribed with the canonical commutation relation, which he put on rigorous mathematical footing.]]
Born remained at Edinburgh until he reached the retirement age of 70 in 1952. He retired to [[Bad Pyrmont]], in [[West Germany]], in 1954.{{sfn|Kemmer|Schlapp|1971|pp=23–24}} In October, he received word that he was being awarded the Nobel Prize. His fellow physicists had never stopped nominating him. Franck and Fermi had nominated him in 1947 and 1948 for his work on crystal lattices, and over the years, he had also been nominated for his work on solid state physics, quantum mechanics and other topics.{{sfn|Greenspan|2005|p=299}} In 1954, he received the prize for "fundamental research in Quantum Mechanics, especially in the statistical interpretation of the wave function"<ref name="Nobel Prize">{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1954/ |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954 |publisher=The Official Web Site of the Nobel Prize|access-date=10 March 2013 }}</ref>—something that he had worked on alone.{{sfn|Greenspan|2005|p=299}} In his Nobel lecture he reflected on the philosophical implications of his work:{{quote|I believe that ideas such as absolute certitude, absolute exactness, final truth, etc. are figments of the imagination which should not be admissible in any field of science. On the other hand, any assertion of probability is either right or wrong from the standpoint of the theory on which it is based. This loosening of thinking (''Lockerung des Denkens'') seems to me to be the greatest blessing which modern science has given to us. For the belief in a single truth and in being the possessor thereof is the root cause of all evil in the world.{{sfn|Born|2002|p=261}} }}

In retirement, he continued scientific work, and produced new editions of his books. In 1955 he became one of signatories to the [[Russell-Einstein Manifesto]]. He died at age 87 in hospital in Göttingen on 5 January 1970,<ref name=nbwdis/> and is buried in the ''[[Stadtfriedhof]]'' there, in the same cemetery as [[Walther Nernst]], [[Wilhelm Eduard Weber|Wilhelm Weber]], [[Max von Laue]], [[Otto Hahn]], [[Max Planck]], and [[David Hilbert]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://librairie.immateriel.fr/fr/read_book/9780596523206/ch22 |title=Stadtfriedhof, Göttingen, Germany |publisher=Librairie Immateriel |access-date=10 March 2013 }}</ref>