Editing Massage (section)

=== 18th and 19th centuries ===
AD 1776: [[Jean Joseph Marie Amiot]] and [[Pierre-Martial Cibot]], French missionaries in China translate summaries of [[Huangdi Neijing]], including a list of [[Medicinal plants|medical plants]], exercises, and elaborate massage techniques, into the French language, thereby introducing Europe to the highly developed Chinese system of medicine, medical-gymnastics, and medical-massage.<ref name="Claire" />

AD 1776: [[Pehr Henrik Ling]], a Swedish physical therapist and teacher of medical-gymnastics, is born. Ling has often been erroneously credited for having invented "Classic Massage", also known as "Swedish Massage", and has been called the "Father of Massage".<ref name="Calvert">{{Cite web |last=Calvert |first=Robert Noah |title=Swedish Massage |url=http://www.massagemag.com/Magazine/2002/issue100/history100.php |access-date=15 June 2013 |publisher=Massage Magazine |name-list-style=vanc |archive-date=24 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224084509/http://www.massagemag.com/Magazine/2002/issue100/history100.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Parmod |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ct_6DwAAQBAJ&dq=known+as+%22Swedish+Massage%22,+and+has+been+called+the+%22Father+of+Massage%22.&pg=PA161 |title=Sports Medicine, Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation |date=2020-09-03 |publisher=Friends Publications (India) |isbn=978-93-88457-98-9 |pages=161 |language=en}}</ref>{{why|date=November 2023}}

AD 1779: Frenchman Pierre-Martial Cibot publishes "Notice du Cong-fou des Bonzes Tao-see", also known as "The Cong-Fou of the Tao-Tse", a French language summary of medical techniques used by Taoist priests. According to English historian of China [[Joseph Needham]], Cibot's work "was intended to present the physicists and physicians of Europe with a sketch of a system of medical gymnastics which they might like to adopt—or if they found it at fault they might be stimulated to invent something better. This work has long been regarded as of cardinal importance in the history of physiotherapy because it almost certainly influenced the Swedish founder of the modern phase of the art, Pehr Hendrik Ling. Cibot had studied at least one Chinese book but also got much from a Christian neophyte who had become expert in the subject before his conversion."<ref>'' Science and Civilization in China'' by Joseph Needham, Vol. 5, page 17</ref>

AD 1813: The Royal Gymnastic Central Institute for the training of gymnastic instructors was opened in Stockholm, Sweden, with [[Pehr Henrik Ling]] appointed as principal. Ling developed what he called the "Swedish Movement Cure". Ling died in 1839, having previously named his pupils as the repositories of his teaching. Ling and his assistants left a little proper written account of their methods.<ref name=Claire /><ref>1886: [[Chambers's Journal of Popular Literature, Science, and Art|Chamber's Journal of Popular Literature, Science and Arts]], Volume 3 By William Chambers, Robert Chambers (page 594).</ref><ref name="Ottosson">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ottosson A |year=2010 |title=The first historical movements of kinesiology: scientification in the borderline between physical culture and medicine around 1850 |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |volume=27 |issue=11 |pages=1892–1919 |doi=10.1080/09523367.2010.491618 |pmid=20653114 |s2cid=205633105}}</ref>

AD 1868: Dutch massage practitioner Johan Georg Mezger applies French terms to name five basic massage techniques,<ref name=Calvert /> and coins the phrase "Swedish massage system". These techniques are still known by their French names (effleurage (long, gliding strokes), petrissage (lifting and kneading the muscles), friction (firm, deep, circular rubbing movements), tapotement (brisk tapping or percussive movements) and vibration (rapidly shaking or vibrating specific muscles)).