Editing Marquette, Michigan (section)

===Climate===
The climate is a [[humid continental climate|hemiboreal humid continental]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen:]] ''Dfb'') with four distinct seasons that are strongly moderated by [[Lake Superior]] and is located in [[Hardiness zone|Plant Hardiness zone]] 5b.<ref name = USDA>{{cite map |url=http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/ |title=USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=May 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227032333/http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/ |archive-date=February 27, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=34727&cityname=Marquette,+Michigan,+United+States+of+America |title=Marquette, Michigan Köppen Climate Classification |website=Weatherbase |access-date=March 11, 2019 |archive-date=August 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807084905/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=34727&cityname=Marquette,+Michigan,+United+States+of+America |url-status=live }}</ref> Narrative below is based on chart below, reflecting 1991-2020 climate normals. Winters are long and cold with a January average of {{convert|18.5|°F|1}}. Winter temperatures are slightly warmer than inland locations at a similar latitude due to the release of the heat stored by the lake, which moderates the climate.<ref name = EPA>{{cite web |url=http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/atlas/glat-ch2.html#Climate |title=Natural Processes in the Great Lakes |work=The Great Lakes An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book |publisher=Environmental Protection Agency |access-date=May 10, 2013 |archive-date=February 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202002550/http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/atlas/glat-ch2.html#Climate |url-status=live }}</ref> On average, there are 11.6&nbsp;days annually where the minimum temperature reaches {{convert|0|°F}} and 73&nbsp;days with a maximum at or below freezing, including a majority of days during meteorological winter (December thru February).<ref name=NCDC-M />

Being located in the [[snowbelt|snowbelt region]], Marquette receives a significant amount of snowfall during the winter months, mostly from [[lake-effect snow]]. Because [[Lake Superior]] rarely freezes over completely, this enables lake effect snow to persist throughout winter, making Marquette the third snowiest location in the contiguous United States as reported by the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] with an average annual snowfall of {{convert|149.1|in|m|2|disp=or|sp=us}}.<ref name="NOAA">{{cite web |url=http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/ccd-data/CCD-2012.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718012823/http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/ccd-data/CCD-2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 18, 2014 |title=Comparative Climate Data For the United States Through 2012 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |page=56 |access-date=December 6, 2014 }}</ref> The snow depth in winter usually exceeds {{convert|10|in|m|2|disp=or|sp=us}}.<ref name="NCDC-M" /> Marquette is the city with the deepest snow depths with a population of more than 20,000 in the United States (and one of the largest in North America outside the western Cordillera or eastern Canada), as temperatures remain low throughout the winter and cold, dry air is intercepted by the [[Great Lakes]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.windy.com/ |title=Windy as forecasted |last=SE |first=Windyty |website=www.windy.com |language=en |access-date=March 11, 2019 |archive-date=February 7, 1998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980207051225/https://www.windy.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The warmest months, July and August, each average {{convert|66.2|°F|1}}, showing somewhat of a [[seasonal lag]], with August averaging slightly warmer than July. The surrounding lake cools summertime temperatures<ref name = EPA /> and as a result, temperatures above {{convert|90|°F|1}} are rare, with only 3.4 days per year.<ref name=NCDC-M /> Spring and fall are transitional seasons that are generally mild though highly variable due to the alternation of air masses moving quickly. Spring is usually cooler than fall because the surrounding lake is slower to warm than the land, while in fall the lake releases heat, warming the area.<ref name = EPA />

Marquette receives {{cvt|30.2|in|mm|0}} of precipitation annually, which is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, though September and October are the wettest months with February and March being the driest. The average window for morning freezes is October 15 thru May 7.<ref name=NCDC-M /> The highest temperature ever recorded in Marquette was {{convert|108|°F|0}} on July 15, 1901, and the lowest was {{convert|-33|°F|0}} on February 8, 1861.<ref name=NCDC-M /> Marquette receives an average of 2,294 hours of sunshine per year or 51 percent of possible sunshine, ranging from a low of 29 percent in December to a high of 68 percent in July.<ref name = NCDC1 />

The City of Marquette has received national attention for its measures to [[Climate change adaptation|adapt to climate change]], such as coastline restoration and moving portions of Lakeshore Boulevard which are flooded by [[Lake Superior]] 100 yards inland. Property owners are required to maintain “[[riparian buffer]]s” of native plants along waterways. A county task force has created a guidebook in cooperation with the University of Michigan for landscaping which can reduce the habitat for disease-bearing ticks.&nbsp;A federally funded [[Storm drain|stormwater drain]] project will route [[Surface runoff|runoff]] which flows into Lake Superior into [[Wetland|restored wetlands]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bridgemi.com/michigan-environment-watch/marquette-girds-climate-change-michigans-upper-peninsula |title=Marquette girds for climate change in Michigan's Upper Peninsula |last=Malewitz |first=Jim |date=November 11, 2019 |website=Bridge, Michigan Environment Watch |language=en |access-date=November 13, 2019 |archive-date=November 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113041111/https://www.bridgemi.com/michigan-environment-watch/marquette-girds-climate-change-michigans-upper-peninsula |url-status=live }}</ref> At the time of a 2014 NOAA climate study, climate change was expected to lead to rising temperatures, a longer growing season, and greater precipitation in Marquette.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Climatology: Marquette, Michigan |url=https://glisa.umich.edu/media/files/MarquetteMI_Climatology.pdf |access-date=September 1, 2021 |website=GLISA |publisher=University of Michigan Climate Center |archive-date=September 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901200433/https://glisa.umich.edu/media/files/MarquetteMI_Climatology.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

<section begin="weather box" />{{Weather box
|collapsed=<includeonly>Y</includeonly>
|location = Marquette, Michigan (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1857–present)
|single line = y
|Jan record high F = 57
|Feb record high F = 69
|Mar record high F = 82
|Apr record high F = 91
|May record high F = 100
|Jun record high F = 101
|Jul record high F = 108
|Aug record high F = 102
|Sep record high F = 98
|Oct record high F = 89
|Nov record high F = 74
|Dec record high F = 60
|year record high F = 108
|Jan avg record high F = 42.5
|Feb avg record high F = 46.5
|Mar avg record high F = 57.5
|Apr avg record high F = 71.8
|May avg record high F = 83.1
|Jun avg record high F = 88.2
|Jul avg record high F = 89.8
|Aug avg record high F = 89.3
|Sep avg record high F = 84.7
|Oct avg record high F = 75.1
|Nov avg record high F = 58.8
|Dec avg record high F = 46.0
|year avg record high F = 91.9
|Jan high F = 24.6
|Feb high F = 26.9
|Mar high F = 35.3
|Apr high F = 45.8
|May high F = 58.7
|Jun high F = 67.9
|Jul high F = 74.6
|Aug high F = 74.3
|Sep high F = 67.3
|Oct high F = 53.9
|Nov high F = 40.6
|Dec high F = 30.2
|year high F = 50.0
|Jan mean F = 18.5
|Feb mean F = 19.7
|Mar mean F = 28.2
|Apr mean F = 38.4
|May mean F = 49.8
|Jun mean F = 59.0
|Jul mean F = 66.2
|Aug mean F = 66.2
|Sep mean F = 59.4
|Oct mean F = 47.0
|Nov mean F = 34.5
|Dec mean F = 24.4
|year mean F = 42.6
|Jan low F = 12.4
|Feb low F = 12.5
|Mar low F = 21.0
|Apr low F = 31.0
|May low F = 40.8
|Jun low F = 50.1
|Jul low F = 57.7
|Aug low F = 58.1
|Sep low F = 51.6
|Oct low F = 40.0
|Nov low F = 28.5
|Dec low F = 18.6
|year low F = 35.2
|Jan avg record low F = -3.5
|Feb avg record low F = -2.4
|Mar avg record low F = 5.3
|Apr avg record low F = 20.5
|May avg record low F = 31.2
|Jun avg record low F = 39.8
|Jul avg record low F = 48.7
|Aug avg record low F = 49.2
|Sep avg record low F = 39.8
|Oct avg record low F = 30.1
|Nov avg record low F = 16.3
|Dec avg record low F = 2.7
|year avg record low F = −8.0
|Jan record low F = −27
|Feb record low F = −33
|Mar record low F = −19
|Apr record low F = 3
|May record low F = 16
|Jun record low F = 29
|Jul record low F = 36
|Aug record low F = 33
|Sep record low F = 28
|Oct record low F = 13
|Nov record low F = −9
|Dec record low F = −20
|year record low F = -33
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation inch = 1.86
|Feb precipitation inch = 1.47
|Mar precipitation inch = 1.59
|Apr precipitation inch = 2.74
|May precipitation inch = 2.90
|Jun precipitation inch = 3.05
|Jul precipitation inch = 3.11
|Aug precipitation inch = 2.31
|Sep precipitation inch = 3.34
|Oct precipitation inch = 3.43
|Nov precipitation inch = 2.42
|Dec precipitation inch = 1.98
|year precipitation inch = 30.20
|Jan snow inch = 25.1
|Feb snow inch = 20.9
|Mar snow inch = 14.2
|Apr snow inch = 8.4
|May snow inch = 0.3
|Jun snow inch = 0.0
|Jul snow inch = 0.0
|Aug snow inch = 0.0
|Sep snow inch = 0.0
|Oct snow inch = 0.9
|Nov snow inch = 11.1
|Dec snow inch = 21.1
|year snow inch = 102.0
|Jan snow depth inch = 25.2
|Feb snow depth inch = 31.7
|Mar snow depth inch = 32.6
|Apr snow depth inch = 19.3
|May snow depth inch = 1.5
|Jun snow depth inch = 0.0
|Jul snow depth inch = 0.0
|Aug snow depth inch = 0.0
|Sep snow depth inch = 0.0
|Oct snow depth inch = 2.5
|Nov snow depth inch = 9.1
|Dec snow depth inch = 17.9
|year snow depth inch = 36.1
|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
|Jan precipitation days = 17.7
|Feb precipitation days = 12.2
|Mar precipitation days = 10.8
|Apr precipitation days = 10.4
|May precipitation days = 11.8
|Jun precipitation days = 11.8
|Jul precipitation days = 11.3
|Aug precipitation days = 11.0
|Sep precipitation days = 12.9
|Oct precipitation days = 14.6
|Nov precipitation days = 13.4
|Dec precipitation days = 14.4
|year precipitation days = 152.3
|unit snow days = 0.1 in
|Jan snow days = 17.7
|Feb snow days = 12.5
|Mar snow days = 8.9
|Apr snow days = 4.5
|May snow days = 0.2
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.6
|Nov snow days = 7.7
|Dec snow days = 12.5
|year snow days = 64.6
|Jan sun = 105.5
|Feb sun = 128.8
|Mar sun = 181.3
|Apr sun = 225.3
|May sun = 278.8
|Jun sun = 289.7
|Jul sun = 322.8
|Aug sun = 270.6
|Sep sun = 191.5
|Oct sun = 140.6
|Nov sun = 80.7
|Dec sun = 78.2
|year sun = 2293.8
|Jan percentsun = 38
|Feb percentsun = 45
|Mar percentsun = 49
|Apr percentsun = 55
|May percentsun = 60
|Jun percentsun = 61
|Jul percentsun = 68
|Aug percentsun = 62
|Sep percentsun = 51
|Oct percentsun = 42
|Nov percentsun = 29
|Dec percentsun = 29
|year percentsun= 51
|source 1 = [[NOAA]] (sun 1961–1990)<ref name=NCDC-M >{{cite web |url=https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=mqt |title=NOWData: NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |access-date=May 5, 2021 |archive-date=March 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305100033/https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=mqt |url-status=live}} Scroll down and select "Marquette, MI", not "Marquette Area".</ref><ref name=NOAA-M>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506233136/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00014838&format=pdf |archive-date=May 6, 2021 |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00014838&format=pdf |title=Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |access-date=May 6, 2021 }}</ref><ref name= NCDC1 >{{cite web |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP4/72743.TXT |title=Marquette/FAA ARPT MI Climate Normals 1961–1990 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |access-date=March 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915135909/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP4/72743.TXT |archive-date=September 15, 2023 }}</ref>
}}<section end="weather box" /><!--weather box ends-->