Editing Mariculture (section)

==Species==
===Algae===
{{Main|Algaculture}}

Algaculture involves the farming of species of [[algae]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Huesemann |first1=M. |last2=Williams |first2=P. |last3=Edmundson |first3=Scott J. |last4=Chen |first4=P. |last5=Kruk |first5=R. |last6=Cullinan |first6=V. |last7=Crowe |first7=B. |last8=Lundquist |first8=T. |date=September 2017 |title=The laboratory environmental algae pond simulator (LEAPS) photobioreactor: Validation using outdoor pond cultures of Chlorella sorokiniana and Nannochloropsis salina |journal=Algal Research |volume=26 |pages=39–46 |doi=10.1016/j.algal.2017.06.017 |osti=1581797 |issn=2211-9264|doi-access=free |bibcode=2017AlgRe..26...39H }}</ref> including [[microalgae]] (such as [[phytoplankton]]) and [[macroalgae]] (such as [[seaweed]]).

Uses of commercial and industrial algae cultivation include production of [[nutraceutical]]s such as [[omega-3 fatty acids]] (as algal oil)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lane |first1=Katie |last2=Derbyshire |first2=Emma |last3=Li |first3=Weili |last4=Brennan |first4=Charles |title=Bioavailability and Potential Uses of Vegetarian Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids: A Review of the Literature |journal=Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition |date=January 2014 |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=572–579 |doi=10.1080/10408398.2011.596292|pmid=24261532 |s2cid=30307483 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Winwood |first1=R.J. |chapter=Algal oil as a source of omega-3 fatty acids |title=Food Enrichment with Omega-3 Fatty Acids |date=2013 |series=Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition |pages=389–404 |doi=10.1533/9780857098863.4.389|isbn=978-0-85709-428-5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lenihan-Geels |first1=Georgia |last2=Bishop |first2=Karen |last3=Ferguson |first3=Lynnette |title=Alternative Sources of Omega-3 Fats: Can We Find a Sustainable Substitute for Fish? |journal=Nutrients |date=18 April 2013 |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=1301–1315 |doi=10.3390/nu5041301|pmid=23598439 |pmc=3705349 |doi-access=free }}</ref> or natural food [[colorants]] and [[dyes]], [[food]], [[fertilizer]]s, [[bioplastics]], chemical feedstock (raw material), protein-rich animal/[[Commercial fish feed|aquaculture]] feed, [[pharmaceuticals]], and [[algal fuel]],<ref name="10.1007/s43615-021-00084-3">{{cite journal |last1=Venkatesh |first1=G. |title=Circular Bio-economy—Paradigm for the Future: Systematic Review of Scientific Journal Publications from 2015 to 2021 |journal=Circular Economy and Sustainability |date=1 March 2022 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=231–279 |doi=10.1007/s43615-021-00084-3 |s2cid=238768104 |language=en |issn=2730-5988|doi-access=free |bibcode=2022CirES...2..231V }}</ref> and can also be used as a means of [[pollution control]] and [[Nature-based solutions|natural]] [[Carbon sequestration#Seaweed farming and algae|carbon sequestration]].<ref name="10.3389/fnut.2022.1029841">{{cite journal |last1=Diaz |first1=Crisandra J. |last2=Douglas |first2=Kai J. |last3=Kang |first3=Kalisa |last4=Kolarik |first4=Ashlynn L. |last5=Malinovski |first5=Rodeon |last6=Torres-Tiji |first6=Yasin |last7=Molino |first7=João V. |last8=Badary |first8=Amr |last9=Mayfield |first9=Stephen P. |title=Developing algae as a sustainable food source |journal=Frontiers in Nutrition |date=2023 |volume=9 |doi=10.3389/fnut.2022.1029841 |pmid=36742010 |pmc=9892066 |issn=2296-861X|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Shellfish===
Similarly to [[algae]] cultivation, shellfish can be farmed in multiple ways in both onshore and inshore mariculture: on ropes, in bags or cages, or directly on (or within) the bottom. Shellfish mariculture does not require feed or fertilizer inputs, nor insecticides or antibiotics, making shellfish mariculture a [[self-sustainability|self-supporting]] system.<ref>{{cite book|last= McWilliams|first= James|title= Food Only|year= 2009|publisher= Little, Brown and Company|location= New York|isbn= 978-0-316-03374-9}}</ref> Seed for shellfish cultivation is typically produced in commercial hatcheries, or by the farmers themselves.  Among shellfish types raised by mariculture are shrimp, oysters (including artificial pearl cultivation), clams, mussels, abalone.<ref name="oceangrown.com.au-2013">
{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.oceangrown.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Ocean-Grown-Information-Memorandum-Approved-Screen.pdf
 |title       = Information Memorandum, 2013 Ranching of Greenlip Abalone, Flinders Bay – Western Australia
 |website     = Ocean Grown Abalone
 |access-date = 23 April 2016
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20161010215256/http://www.oceangrown.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Ocean-Grown-Information-Memorandum-Approved-Screen.pdf
 |archive-date = 10 October 2016
}}</ref>  Shellfish can also be used in [[integrated multi-trophic aquaculture|integrated multi-species cultivation]] techniques, where shellfish can utilize waste generated by higher [[trophic level | trophic-level]] organisms.

The [[Māori people]] of New Zealand retain traditions of farming shellfish.<ref>
[https://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/bitstreams/4a64f007-8bf6-467f-a63a-c5571a038ae4/download Ahumoana tawhito (ancient aquaculture): the translocation of toheroa (Paphies ventricosa) and other marine species by Māori] by Vanessa Rona Taikato (2021).
</ref>

=== Finfish ===
{{expand section|more on how fin fish are raised in marine environments|date=July 2024}}

Finfish species raised in mariculture include [[salmon]], [[cod]], [[scallop]]s, certain species of prawn, [[Homarus gammarus|European lobsters]], abalone and [[sea cucumber]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mustafa|first1=S.|last2=Saad|first2=S.|last3=Rahman|first3=R.A.|date=2003-06-01|title=Species studies in sea ranching: an overview and economic perspectives|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/B:RFBF.0000019478.17950.ab|journal=Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries|language=en|volume=13|issue=2|pages=165|doi=10.1023/B:RFBF.0000019478.17950.ab|bibcode=2003RFBF...13..165M |s2cid=36082235|issn=1573-5184}}</ref> 

Fish species selected to be raised in saltwater pens do not have any additional artificial feed requirements, as they live off of the naturally occurring nutrients within the water column. Typical practice calls for the [[juvenile (organism)|juveniles]] to be planted on the bottom of the body of water within the pen, which utilize more of the water column within their sea pen as they grow and develop.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fisheries|first=Agriculture and|date=2012-02-17|title=Sea ranching systems|url=https://www.business.qld.gov.au/industries/farms-fishing-forestry/fisheries/aquaculture/site-selection-production/production-systems/sea-ranching-systems|access-date=2020-12-11|website=www.business.qld.gov.au|language=en-AU}}</ref>