Editing Marfan syndrome (section)

===Lungs===
Individuals with Marfan syndrome may be affected by various lung-related problems. One study found that only 37% of the patient sample studied (mean age 32±14 years; M 45%) had normal lung function.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Cerveri I, Corsico A |title=Pulmonary involvement in patients with Marfan syndrome.|journal=[[European Respiratory Journal]]|year=2012|volume=40|page=3124}}</ref> Spontaneous [[pneumothorax]] is common.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Siepe M, Löffelbein F | title = [The Marfan syndrome and related connective tissue disorders] | journal = Medizinische Monatsschrift für Pharmazeuten | volume = 32 | issue = 6 | pages = 213–219 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 19554831 }}</ref> In spontaneous unilateral pneumothorax, air escapes from a lung and occupies the [[pleural]] space between the chest wall and a lung. The lung becomes partially compressed or collapsed. This can cause pain, shortness of breath, [[cyanosis]], and, if not treated, death. Other possible pulmonary manifestations of MFS include [[sleep apnea]]<ref name="Kohler et al 2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kohler M, Blair E, Risby P, Nickol AH, Wordsworth P, Forfar C, Stradling JR | title = The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea and its association with aortic dilatation in Marfan's syndrome | journal = Thorax | volume = 64 | issue = 2 | pages = 162–166 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 18852161 | doi = 10.1136/thx.2008.102756 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and [[idiopathic]] obstructive lung disease.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Corsico AG, Grosso A, Tripon B, Albicini F, Gini E, Mazzetta A, Di Vincenzo EM, Agnesi ME, Tsana Tegomo E, Ronzoni V, Arbustini E, Cerveri I | display-authors = 6 | title = Pulmonary involvement in patients with Marfan Syndrome | journal = Panminerva Medica | volume = 56 | issue = 2 | pages = 177–182 | date = June 2014 | pmid = 24994580 | url = https://www.minervamedica.it/en/journals/panminerva-medica/article.php?cod=R41Y2014N02A0177 | access-date = 2021-11-20 | archive-date = 2021-11-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211120121723/https://www.minervamedica.it/en/journals/panminerva-medica/article.php?cod=R41Y2014N02A0177 | url-status = live }}</ref> Pathologic changes in the lungs have been described such as [[cyst]]ic changes, [[emphysema]], [[pneumonia]], [[bronchiectasis]], [[Blister|bullae]], apical [[fibrosis]] and congenital malformations such as middle lobe hypoplasia.<ref name="Dyhdalo 2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dyhdalo K, Farver C | title = Pulmonary histologic changes in Marfan syndrome: a case series and literature review | journal = American Journal of Clinical Pathology | volume = 136 | issue = 6 | pages = 857–863 | date = December 2011 | pmid = 22095370 | doi = 10.1309/AJCP79SNDHGKQFIN | doi-access = free }}</ref>