Editing Manufacturing (section)

===First and Second Industrial Revolutions===
{{main|Industrial Revolution|Second Industrial Revolution}}
[[File:Powerloom weaving in 1835.jpg|thumb|An 1835 illustration of a [[Roberts Loom]] weaving shed]]
The [[Industrial Revolution]] was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the [[United States]] from 1760 to the 1830s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Industrial History of European Countries |url=https://www.erih.net/how-it-started/industrial-history-of-european-countries |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623201807/https://www.erih.net/how-it-started/industrial-history-of-european-countries |archive-date=June 23, 2021 |access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=European Route of Industrial Heritage |publisher=Council of Europe}}</ref> This transition included going from [[craft production|hand production methods]] to machines, new [[chemical manufacturing]] and [[Puddling (metallurgy)|iron production]] processes, the increasing use of [[steam power]] and [[water power]], the development of [[machine tool]]s and the rise of the [[mechanization|mechanized]] [[factory system]]. The Industrial Revolution also led to an unprecedented rise in the rate of population growth. Textiles were the dominant industry of the Industrial Revolution in terms of employment, value of output and [[capital (economics)|capital]] invested. The [[textile industry]] was also the first to use modern production methods.<ref name="David S. Landes 1969">{{Cite book |last=Landes |first=David S. |title=The Unbound Prometheus |date=1969 |publisher=Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-09418-4}}</ref>{{rp|40}} Rapid industrialization first began in Britain, starting with mechanized spinning in the 1780s,<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Bishnupriya |title=Cotton Textiles and the Great Divergence: Lancashire, India and Shifting Competitive Advantage, 1600–1850 |url=http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/papers/broadberry-gupta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910075425/http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/papers/broadberry-gupta.pdf |archive-date=September 10, 2016 |access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=International Institute of Social History |publisher=Department of Economics, University of Warwick}}</ref> with high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurring after 1800. [[Textile industry|Mechanized textile production]] spread from Great Britain to continental Europe and the United States in the early 19th century, with important centres of textiles, iron and coal emerging [[#Belgium|in Belgium]] and the United States and later textiles in France.<ref name="David S. Landes 1969" />

An economic recession occurred from the late 1830s to the early 1840s when the adoption of the Industrial Revolution's early innovations, such as mechanized spinning and weaving, slowed down and their markets matured. Innovations developed late in the period, such as the increasing adoption of locomotives, steamboats and steamships, [[Hot blast|hot blast iron smelting]] and new technologies, such as the [[electrical telegraph]], were widely introduced in the 1840s and 1850s, were not powerful enough to drive high rates of growth. Rapid economic growth began to occur after 1870, springing from a new group of innovations in what has been called the [[Second Industrial Revolution]]. These innovations included new [[Bessemer process|steel making process]]es, [[mass-production]], [[assembly line]]s, [[electrical grid]] systems, the large-scale manufacture of machine tools and the use of increasingly advanced machinery in steam-powered factories.<ref name="David S. Landes 1969" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=George Rogers |title=The Transportation Revolution, 1815–1860 |year=1951 |publisher=Rinehart |isbn=978-0-87332-101-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Roe |first=Joseph Wickham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X-EJAAAAIAAJ |title=English and American Tool Builders |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1916 |location=New Haven, Connecticut |lccn=16011753 |access-date=July 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414155300/https://books.google.com/books?id=X-EJAAAAIAAJ |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |url-status=live}} Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 ({{LCCN|27024075}}); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois, ({{ISBN|978-0-917914-73-7}})</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=Louis C. |title=A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930, Vol. 2: Steam Power |publisher=University Press of Virginia |year=1985 |location=Charlottesville |page=18}}</ref>

Building on improvements in vacuum pumps and materials research, [[incandescent light bulb]]s became practical for general use in the late 1870s. This invention had a profound effect on the workplace because factories could now have second and third shift workers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nye |first=David E. |title=Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology |publisher=The MIT Press |year=1990 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States and London, England}}</ref> Shoe production was mechanized during the mid 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thomson |first=Ross |url=https://archive.org/details/pathtomechanized00thom |title=The Path to Mechanized Shoe Production in the United States |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-8078-1867-1}}</ref> Mass production of [[sewing machine]]s and [[agricultural machinery]] such as reapers occurred in the mid to late 19th century.<ref name="hounshell-1984">{{Hounshell1984}}</ref> The mass production of bicycles started in the 1880s.<ref name="hounshell-1984" /> Steam-powered factories became widespread, although the conversion from water power to steam occurred in England earlier than in the U.S.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=Louis C. |title=A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930, Vol. 2: Steam Power |publisher=University Press of Virginia |year=1985 |location=Charlottesville}}</ref>