Editing Manitoba (section)

=== Contemporary era ===
[[File:WinnipegGeneralStrike.jpg|thumb|alt=Large group of people in the middle of a city street beside a large concrete building|Crowds gathering outside the old City Hall during the [[Winnipeg general strike]], 21 June 1919]]

By 1911, [[Winnipeg]] was the third largest city in Canada, and remained so until overtaken by [[Vancouver]] in the 1920s.<ref>{{vcite book|author=Hayes, Derek|title=Historical Atlas of Canada|publisher=D&M Adult|year=2006|page=227|isbn=978-1-55365-077-5}}</ref> A boomtown, it grew quickly around the start of the 20th century, with outside investors and immigrants contributing to its success.<ref name="boomtown">{{vcite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP10CH3PA5LE.html|title=Winnipeg Boomtown|publisher=CBC|accessdate=28 October 2009|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104213708/http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP10CH3PA5LE.html|archivedate=4 November 2011}}</ref> The drop in growth in the second half of the decade was a result of the opening of the [[Panama Canal]] in 1914, which reduced reliance on [[Transcontinental railroad|transcontinental railways]] for trade, as well as a decrease in immigration due to the outbreak of the [[World War I|First World War]].<ref>{{vcite news|title=The heart of the continent?|author=Silicz, Michael|date=10 September 2008|work=The Manitoba|publisher=University of Manitoba|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/manitob34&div=29&id=&page=|via=HeinOnline}}</ref> Over 18,000 Manitoba residents enlisted in the first year of the war; by the end of the war, 14 Manitobans had received the [[Victoria Cross]].<ref>{{vcite book|author=Morton, William L|title=Manitoba, a History|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1957|pages=345–359}}</ref>

During the First World War, [[Nellie McClung]] started the campaign for women's votes. On January 28, 1916, the vote for women was legalized. Manitoba was the first province to allow women to vote in provincial elections. This was two years before Canada as a country granted women the right to vote.<ref>{{vcite web|url=https://cfc-swc.gc.ca/commemoration/cent/index-en.html|title=100th Anniversary of Women's First Right to Vote in Canada|publisher=Status of Women Canada|accessdate=17 December 2019|archivedate=28 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128184144/https://cfc-swc.gc.ca/commemoration/cent/index-en.html}}</ref>

After the First World War ended, severe discontent among farmers (over wheat prices) and union members (over wage rates) resulted in an upsurge of [[Political radicalism|radicalism]], coupled with a polarization over the rise of [[Bolshevik|Bolshevism]] in [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russia]].<ref>{{vcite book|author=Conway, John Frederick|title=The West: The History of a Region in Confederation |publisher=Lorimer|year=2005|edition=3rd|pages=63–64, 85–100|isbn=978-1-55028-905-3}}</ref> The most dramatic result was the [[Winnipeg general strike]] of 1919. It began on 15 May and collapsed on 25 June 1919; as the workers gradually returned to their jobs, the Central Strike Committee decided to end the movement.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{vcite book|author=Bercuson, David J|title=Confrontation at Winnipeg: Labour, Industrial Relations, and the General Strike|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|year=1990|pages=173–176|isbn=978-0-7735-0794-4}}</ref> Government efforts to violently crush the strike, including a [[North-West Mounted Police|Royal North-West Mounted Police]] charge into a crowd of protesters that resulted in multiple casualties and one death, had led to the arrest of the movement's leaders.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> In the aftermath, eight leaders went on trial, and most were convicted on charges of [[sedition|seditious conspiracy]], illegal combinations, and seditious [[libel]]; four were deported under the ''[[Canadian immigration and refugee law|Canadian Immigration Act]]''.<ref>{{vcite journal|author=Lederman, Peter R|year=1976|title=Sedition in Winnipeg: An Examination of the Trials for Seditious Conspiracy Arising from the General Strike of 1919|journal=Queen's Law Journal|publisher=Queen's University|volume=3|issue=2|pages=5, 14–17}}</ref>

The [[Great Depression]] (1929–{{Circa|1939}}) hit especially hard in [[Western Canada]], including Manitoba. The collapse of the world market combined with a steep drop in agricultural production due to drought led to economic diversification, moving away from a reliance on wheat production.<ref name="easterbrook">{{vcite book|author=Easterbrook, William Thomas; Aitken, Hugh GJ|title=Canadian economic history|publisher=University of Toronto Press|location=Toronto|year=1988|pages=493–494|isbn=978-0-8020-6696-1}}</ref> The [[Manitoba Co-operative Commonwealth Federation]], forerunner to the [[New Democratic Party of Manitoba]] (NDP), was founded in 1932.<ref>{{vcite book|author=Wiseman, Nelson|title=Social democracy in Manitoba|publisher=University of Manitoba|year=1983|page=[https://archive.org/details/socialdemocracyi0000wise/page/13 13]|isbn=978-0-88755-118-5|url=https://archive.org/details/socialdemocracyi0000wise/page/13}}</ref>

Canada entered the [[World War II|Second World War]] in 1939. Winnipeg was one of the major commands for the [[British Commonwealth Air Training Plan]] to train fighter pilots, and there were air training schools throughout Manitoba. Several Manitoba-based regiments were deployed overseas, including [[Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry]]. In an effort to raise money for the war effort, the [[Canada Savings Bond|Victory Loan]] campaign organized "[[If Day]]" in 1942. The event featured a simulated [[Nazism|Nazi]] invasion and occupation of Manitoba, and eventually raised over [[Canadian dollar|C$]]65 million.<ref>{{vcite journal|author=Newman, Michael|date=Spring 1987|title=February 19, 1942: If Day|journal=Manitoba History|publisher=Manitoba Historical Society|issue=13|url=http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/13/ifday.shtml|archivedate=19 February 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219015553/http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/13/ifday.shtml}}</ref>

[[File:Red River Floodway from the air.JPG|thumb|Aerial view of the [[Red River Floodway]]]]
Winnipeg was inundated during the [[1950 Red River Flood]] and had to be partially evacuated. In that year, the Red River reached its highest level since 1861 and flooded most of the Red River Valley. The damage caused by the flood led then-Premier [[Dufferin Roblin|Duff Roblin]] to advocate for the construction of the [[Red River Floodway]]; it was completed in 1968 after six years of excavation. Permanent dikes were erected in eight towns south of Winnipeg, and clay dikes and diversion dams were built in the Winnipeg area. In 1997, the "[[1997 Red River flood|Flood of the Century]]" caused over {{Nowrap|C$400 million}} in damages in Manitoba, but the floodway prevented Winnipeg from flooding.<ref>{{vcite journal|author=Haque, C Emdad|date=May 2000|title=Risk Assessment, Emergency Preparedness and Response to Hazards: The Case of the 1997 Red River Valley Flood, Canada|journal=Natural Hazards|publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers|volume=21|issue=2|pages=226–237|issn=0921-030X|doi=10.1023/a:1008108208545}}</ref>

In 1990, Prime Minister [[Brian Mulroney]] attempted to pass the [[Meech Lake Accord]], a series of constitutional amendments to persuade [[Quebec]] to endorse the ''[[Canada Act 1982]]''. Unanimous support in the legislature was needed to bypass public consultation. Cree politician [[Elijah Harper]] opposed because he did not believe First Nations had been adequately involved in the Accord's process, and thus the Accord failed.<ref>{{vcite book|author=Hawkes, David C; Devine, Marina|title=How Ottawa Spends, 1991–1992: The Politics of Fragmentation|editor=Abele, Frances|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|year=1991|pages=33–45|chapter=Meech Lake and Elijah Harper: Native-State Relations in the 1990s|isbn=978-0-88629-146-4}}</ref>

[[Glen Murray (politician)|Glen Murray]], elected in Winnipeg in 1998, became the first openly [[gay]] mayor of a large North American city.<ref>{{vcite news | author= Girard, Daniel | title =Reverse brain drain brings urban expert to U of T | newspaper =[[Toronto Star]] | date =11 July 2007 | url =https://www.thestar.com/news/2007/07/11/reverse_brain_drain_brings_urban_expert_to_u_of_t.html | archivedate =24 March 2021 | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20210324040108/https://www.thestar.com/news/2007/07/11/reverse_brain_drain_brings_urban_expert_to_u_of_t.html }}</ref> The province was impacted by major flooding in [[2009 Red River flood|2009]] and [[2011 Red River flood|2011]].<ref>{{vcite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/1438743/the-5-worst-floods-in-canadian-history/|publisher=Global News|date=8 July 2014|author=Mortillaro, Nicole|title=5 of the worst floods in Canadian history|archivedate=11 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411063705/https://globalnews.ca/news/1438743/the-5-worst-floods-in-canadian-history/}}</ref> In 2004, Manitoba became the first province in Canada to ban indoor smoking in public places.<ref>{{vcite web|title=Manitoba Moves Toward Province-Wide Smoking Ban|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba-moves-towards-province-wide-smoking-ban-1.480077|publisher=CBC|date=3 March 2004|archivedate=8 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208214059/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba-moves-towards-province-wide-smoking-ban-1.480077}}</ref> In 2013, Manitoba was the second province to introduce accessibility legislation, protecting the rights of persons with disabilities.<ref>{{vcite web|url=http://www.aodaalliance.org/strong-effective-aoda/05212015.asp|date=21 May 2015|title=Please support a barrier-free Canada|publisher=AODA Alliance|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416085143/http://www.aodaalliance.org/strong-effective-aoda/05212015.asp|archivedate=16 April 2016}}</ref>