Editing Manchuria (section)

====China====
The history of the use of "Manchuria" as a toponym in China is uncertain. According to one stream of thought, it was not used by the Manchus or the Chinese.<ref name="Tatsuo">Nakami Tatsuo. "Qing China's Northeast Crescent: The Great Game." ''The Russo-Japanese War in Global Perspective: World War Zero, Volume 2.'' David Wolff et al., eds. Brill, 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=xlg0lM8f9Y4C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA514#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 514.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116111300/https://books.google.com/books?id=xlg0lM8f9Y4C&pg=PA514 |date=16 November 2022 }} {{ISBN|9789004154162}}''"The use of the term 'Manchuria' as a place-name had begun with the Japanese in the eighteenth century, and it was later introduced to Europe by [[Philipp Franz von Siebold]]" [1796–1866].{{pb}}{{harvnb |Giles|1912|loc=[https://archive.org/details/chinamanchus00gile/page/8 p. 8] ''"It may be noted here that 'Manchuria' is unknown to the Chinese or to the Manchus themselves as a geographical expression.  The present [1912] extensive home of the Manchus is usually spoken of as the Three Eastern Provinces,..."''}}</ref><ref name="Elliott 2001"/> The name ''Manchu'' was given to the [[Jurchen people]] by [[Hong Taiji]] in 1635 as a new name for their ethnic group. However neither the name ''Manchu'' or the Chinese rendering of ''Manshū'' as ''Manzhou'' ever acquired geographical connotations, while in Japanese, both ''Manchuria'' and ''Manchu'' are rendered as ''Manshū''. According to Nakami Tatsuo, ''Manzhou'' was used to refer to Manchu people or one of their states rather than a region: "Originally, ''Manzhou'' was the name of the Manchu people or of their state; it was not the name of a region. In fact, neither Manchus nor Han Chinese have ever called China's Northeast 'Manzhou'."{{sfn|Narangoa|2002|p=5}}<ref name="Elliot 2000"/> Even advocates of an independent Manchuria such as Inaba Iwakichi acknowledged this.<ref name="Elliot 2000"/><ref name="Elliott 2001">Mark C. Elliott. ''The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China.'' Stanford University Press, 2001. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 63.] {{ISBN|9780804746847}} ''"...the name 'Manchu' was officially adopted in 1635 as the name for all Jurchen people."''</ref> In 1912, British diplomat and [[sinology|sinologist]] [[Herbert Giles]] stated in ''China and the Manchus'' that "'Manchuria' is unknown to the Chinese or to the Manchus themselves as a geographical expression".<ref name="Tatsuo"/> According to Owen Latimore, during his travels in China during the late 1920s, he found "no single Chinese name for Manchuria as a unit".<ref name="Tamanoi"/>{{sfn|Tamanoi|2005|p=2-3}} Historical geographer Philippe Forêt concurred, noting that there is no word for ''Manchuria'' in either Chinese or Manchu languages.<ref name="Forêt2000"/>

Another perspective delineated by scholars such as Mark C. Elliott and Li Narangoa argues that Manchu consciousness of their homeland as a unique place contributed to the creation of Manchuria as a distinct geographical entity, and that "Manchuria" (''Manzhou'') was used as a toponym by the Chinese. According to Elliott, the Manchu imperial lineage believed that their original homeland was the [[Changbai Mountains]]. The Qing court endeavored to create a regional identity focused on the Changbai Mountains, which gradually became a symbol of Manchu identity. However, it is uncertain whether that notion was shared among ordinary Manchus, and there is evidence that part of that effort was to combat widespread [[acculturation]] among Manchus, resulting in the loss of their language. As part of this effort, Jesuits were commissioned to create maps that enhanced Manchu conceptualization of their homeland, which Elliot believes to have been the original impetus to label the region as Manchuria in European and Japanese maps. In 1877, ''Manzhou'' was used as a toponym in an essay by Gong Chai, a scholar from [[Ningbo]]. The description of ''Manzhou'' located it to the northeast of [[Beijing]] and identified it as the birthplace of the dynasty. ''Manzhou'' was used as a place name again 20 years later by Qing officials. ''Manzhou'' began to appear on Chinese maps in the first decade of the 1900s. Maps that used ''Manzhou'' were in the minority during the early [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republican period]] but the name remained in common use among the [[Chinese Communist Party]] into the 1930s. Names for the region were relatively fluid before the [[Mukden Incident]] of 1931, after which alternative names in Japanese were discarded for ''Manshū'', and ''Dongbei'' (Northeast) and ''Dongsansheng'' (Three Eastern Provinces) became the orthodox names for the Chinese. According to Mark Gamsa, ''Manzhou'' was not widely used among the Chinese but the [[People's Republic of China]] disapproved of it regardless. By the 1950s, ''Manzhou'' had virtually disappeared as a toponym although some still used it out of habit.<ref name="Elliot 2000"/>{{sfn|Narangoa|2002|p=5}}{{sfn|Gamsa|2020|p=6}}