Editing Malacca Sultanate (section)

===Portuguese invasion===
{{main|Capture of Malacca (1511)}}By the 15th century, Europe had developed an appetite for [[spices]]. At that time, the spice trade was virtually monopolised by [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] merchants via a convoluted trade route through the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and India, which in turn linked to its source in the [[Maluku Islands]] via Malacca. Upon becoming king in 1481, [[John II of Portugal]] decided to break this chain and control the lucrative spice trade directly from its source. This led to the expansion of Portuguese sea exploration, pioneered by [[Vasco da Gama]], into the east coasts of India that resulted in the establishment of Portuguese stronghold in [[Kozhikode|Calicut]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

Years later, during the reign of [[Manuel I of Portugal|Manuel I]], a [[fidalgo]] named [[Diogo Lopes de Sequeira]] was assigned to analyse trade potential in [[Madagascar]] and Malacca. He arrived in Malacca on 1 August 1509 carrying with him a letter from the King. His mission was to establish trade with Malacca. The [[Tamil Muslim]]s who were now powerful in the Malaccan court and friendly with [[Tun Mutahir of Malacca|Tun Mutahir]], the Bendahara, were hostile towards the Christian Portuguese. The [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] merchants who were also Muslims and had known the Portuguese in India, preached a holy war against "the infidels". Because of the dissension between Mahmud Shah and Tun Mutahir, a plot was hatched to kill de Sequeira, imprison his men and capture the Portuguese fleet anchored off the Malacca River. The plot leaked out and de Sequeira managed to escape from Malacca in his ship, leaving behind several of his men who were taken captive.<ref>{{harvnb|Dhoraisingam|2006|p=8}}</ref>

In April 1511 [[Afonso de Albuquerque]], who was the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese expedition]] leader together with his [[Naval fleet|armada]], arrived in Malacca to sever its Islamic and [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] trade.<ref name="Daniels2005">{{cite book|author=Timothy P. Daniels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bv6ezG3V968C&pg=PA18|title=Building Cultural Nationalism in Malaysia: Identity, Representation, and Citizenship|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-415-94971-2|pages=18–}}</ref><ref name="Newton">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA11|title=The Cambridge History of the British Empire: New Zealand. 7/2|publisher=CUP Archive|year=1933|pages=11–|id=GGKEY:55QQ9L73P70}}</ref> His intention was described in his own words when he arrived to Malacca:

{{blockquote|If they were only to take "Malaca" out of the hands of the [[Moors]], [[Cairo]] and [[Mecca]] would be entirely ruined, and [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] would then be able to obtain no spiceries except what her merchants might buy in Portugal.|Report on [[Alfonso de Albuquerque|Albuquerque]]'s words on his arrival to Malacca.<ref name="Newton"/>}}

The Portuguese launch their first attack on 25 July 1511, but this was met with failure. Albuquerque then launched another attack on 15 August 1511, which proved successful as [[Capture of Malacca (1511)|Malacca was captured on that day]].<ref name="Newton" /> The Portuguese constructed a fortress called [[A Famosa]] using rocks and stones taken from Muslim graves, mosques, and other buildings. Several churches and convents, a bishop's palace, and administrative buildings such as the governor's palace were built. The Portuguese imposed higher taxes on Chinese traders and restricted their ownership of land.<ref name="Daniels2005" /> The news of the city's capture reached the Ming dynasty of China; the Chinese were also displeased about the kidnapping of many Chinese children by the Portuguese in [[Tuen Mun]].<ref name="Hao2011">{{cite book|author=Zhidong Hao|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LP9q1dzVRYQC&pg=PA11|title=Macau History and Society|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-988-8028-54-2|pages=11–}}</ref> In retaliation for Portugal's activity in Malacca, several Portuguese were later killed by the Chinese in the battles of [[Battle of Tunmen|Tunmen]] and [[Battle of Xicaowan|Xicaowan]] in China.<ref name="Hao2011" />