Editing Mainz (section)

==History==<!--[[Port of Mainz]] section redirects here-->
{{For timeline}}

===Roman Mogontiacum===
{{Main|Roman Mogontiacum}}
[[File:Stadttor1.jpg|thumb|right|Remains of a Roman town gate from the late 4th century]]
The Roman stronghold or ''[[castrum]] '''Mogontiacum''''', the precursor to Mainz, was founded by the Roman general [[Nero Claudius Drusus|Drusus]] perhaps as early as 13/12 BC. As related by [[Suetonius]] the existence of ''Mogontiacum'' is well established by four years later (the account of the death and funeral of [[Nero Claudius Drusus]]).<!--{{efn|The earliest certain evidence of the existence of ''Mogontiacum'' is the account of the death and funeral of [[Nero Claudius Drusus]], brother of the future emperor, [[Tiberius]], given in [[Suetonius]]' life of Drusus. Few leaders have been as loved and as popular as Drusus. He fell from his horse in 9 BC, contracted gangrene and lingered for several days. His brother Tiberius reached him in just a few days riding post-horses over the Roman roads and served as the chief mourner, walking with the deceased in a funeral procession from the summer camp where he had fallen to Mogontiacum, where the soldiers insisted on a funeral. The body was transported to Rome, cremated in the [[Campus Martius]] and the ashes placed in the [[Mausoleum of Augustus]], who was still alive, and wrote poetry and delivered a state funeral oration for him. If Drusus founded Mogontiacum the earliest date is the start of his campaign, 13 BC. Some hypothesize that Mogontiacum was constructed at one of two earlier opportunities, one when [[Marcus Agrippa]] campaigned in the region in 42 BC or by [[Julius Caesar]] himself after 58 BC. Lack of evidence plays a part in favouring 13 BC. No sources cite Mogontiacum before 13 BC, no legions are known to have been stationed there, and no coins survive.{{Cite quote|intermediate source needs cited |date=August 2010}}}}--> [[File:The Cenotaph of Drusus (Drususstein), an empty tomb raised by Roman troops in 9 AD in honour of the deceased general Drusus, Mogontiacum (Mainz) (9739245693).jpg|thumb|left|upright|The Drusus monument or [[Drususstein]] (surrounded by the 17th-century citadel) raised by the troops of [[Nero Claudius Drusus]] to commemorate him]]

[[File:Römersteine 15.JPG|thumb|Remains of the [[Roman aqueduct]] of Mogontiacum]]
Mogontiacum was an important military town throughout Roman times, probably due to its strategic position at the confluence of the Main and the Rhine.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dumont |first=Stefan |title=Mogontiacum |website=Mainz als römische Militärbasis |url=http://www.festung-mainz.de/geschichte/roemer.html |language=de |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130222835/http://www.festung-mainz.de/geschichte/roemer.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The town of ''Mogontiacum'' grew up between the fort and the river. The castrum was the base of [[Legio XIV Gemina|Legio XIV ''Gemina'']] and [[Legio XVI Gallica|XVI ''Gallica'']] (AD 9–43), [[Legio XXII Primigenia|XXII ''Primigenia'']], [[Legio IV Macedonica|IV ''Macedonica'']] (43–70), [[Legio I Adiutrix|I ''Adiutrix'']] (70–88), [[Legio XXI Rapax|XXI ''Rapax'']] (70–89), and [[Legio XIV Gemina|XIV ''Gemina'']] (70–92), among others. Mainz was also a base of a Roman river fleet, the [[Classis Germanica]]. Remains of Roman troop ships ([[navis lusoria]]) and a patrol boat from the late 4th century were discovered in 1982/86 and may now be viewed in the [[Museum of Ancient Seafaring]]. A temple dedicated to [[Isis|Isis Panthea]] and [[Cybele|Magna Mater]] was discovered in 2000<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.livius.org/articles/place/mogontiacum-mainz/mogontiacum-mainz-photos/mainz-temple-of-isis/ |title=Mainz, Temple of Isis – Livius |website=www.livius.org |access-date=26 March 2020 |archive-date=26 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126094326/https://www.livius.org/articles/place/mogontiacum-mainz/mogontiacum-mainz-photos/mainz-temple-of-isis/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and is open to the public. The city was the provincial capital of [[Germania Superior]], and had an important funeral monument dedicated to Drusus, to which people made pilgrimages for an annual festival from as far away as [[Lyon]]. Among the famous buildings were the largest [[Roman Theatre (Mainz)|theatre]] north of the Alps and a bridge across the Rhine. The city was also the site of the assassination of emperor [[Severus Alexander]] in 235.

[[Alemanni]] forces under [[Rando (king)|Rando]] sacked the city in 368. From the last day of 405<ref>Michael Kulikowski, "Barbarians in Gaul, Usurpers in Britain" ''Britannia'' '''31''' (2000:325–345).</ref> or 406, the Siling and Asding [[Vandals]], the [[Suebi]], the [[Alans]], and other Germanic tribes [[Crossing of the Rhine|crossed the Rhine]], possibly at Mainz. Christian chronicles relate that the bishop, [[Aureus of Mainz|Aureus]], was put to death by the Alemannian Crocus.<ref name="Catholic Answers-2018">{{cite web |title=Mainz |website=Catholic Answers |date=19 November 2018 |url=https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/mainz |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130224352/https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/mainz |url-status=live }}</ref>

Throughout the changes of time, the Roman castrum never seems to have been permanently abandoned as a military installation, which is a testimony to Roman military judgement. Different structures were built there at different times. The current citadel originated in 1660, but it replaced previous forts. It was used in World War II. One of the sights at the citadel is still the [[cenotaph]] raised by legionaries to commemorate their general, [[Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus|Drusus]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Dumont |first=Stefan |title=Drususstein |website=Festung Mainz |url=http://www.festung-mainz.de/zitadelle/rundgang/drususstein.html |language=de |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130222834/http://www.festung-mainz.de/zitadelle/rundgang/drususstein.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Frankish Mainz===
In the 4th century, Alemans repeatedly invaded the neighborhood of Mogontiacum.<ref name="Livius-2020">{{cite web |title=Mogontiacum (Mainz) |website=Livius |date=13 October 2020 |url=https://www.livius.org/articles/place/mogontiacum-mainz/ |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131031126/https://www.livius.org/articles/place/mogontiacum-mainz/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 357, the city was liberated by the Emperor [[Julian the Apostate|Julian]].<ref name="Livius-2020" /> The last emperor to station troops serving the western empire at Mainz was [[Valentinian III]] (reigned 425–455), who relied heavily on his ''Magister militum per Gallias'', [[Flavius Aëtius]]. In 451, [[Attila]]'s [[Huns]] sacked the city.<ref name="Livius-2020" />
[[File:Münze Gold Solidus Theudebert I um 534.jpg|thumb|Gold solidus of the Frankish king [[Theudebert I]], Mainz mint, {{circa}} 534]]
The [[Franks]] from the middle and upper Rhine area took Mainz shortly before 460.<ref name="Portal Rheinische Geschichte">{{cite web |title=500 bis 785 |website=Portal Rheinische Geschichte |url=https://www.rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de/Epochen-und-Themen/Epochen/500-bis-785---die-rheinlande-im-fruehmittelalter-/DE-2086/lido/57ab21f57328c2.42556102 |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131035620/https://www.rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de/Epochen-und-Themen/Epochen/500-bis-785---die-rheinlande-im-fruehmittelalter-/DE-2086/lido/57ab21f57328c2.42556102 |url-status=live }}</ref> After the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]] in 476, the [[Franks]] under the rule of [[Clovis I]] gained control over western Europe by the year 496.<ref name="Grube">{{cite web |last=Grube |first=August Wilhelm |title=Charakterbilder aus der Geschichte und Sage. Zweiter Theil: Das Mittelalter |website=Projekt Gutenberg-DE |url=https://www.projekt-gutenberg.org/grube/sageges2/chap016.html |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131035620/https://www.projekt-gutenberg.org/grube/sageges2/chap016.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Clovis, son of [[Childeric I|Childeric]], became king of the Salians in 481, ruling from [[Tournai]].<ref name="Deutsche Biographie">{{cite web |title=Chlodwig I. |website=Deutsche Biographie |url=https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz60857.html |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130221814/https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz60857.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He converted from [[Germanic paganism|paganism]] to [[Catholic Church|Catholic Christianity]].<ref name="Deutsche Biographie" /> [[Theudebert I]] ({{c.}} 500–547 or 548) had installed {{interlanguage link|Sidonius (bishop of Mainz)|lt=Sidonius|de|Sidonius}}<ref name="Mellone">{{cite web |last=Mellone |first=Rebecca |title=regionalgeschichte.net |website=Die Baugeschichte des Mainzer Doms |url=https://www.1000-jahre-mainzer-dom.de/geschichte/baugeschichte.html |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=6 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106005930/https://www.1000-jahre-mainzer-dom.de/geschichte/baugeschichte.html |url-status=live }}</ref> as bishop of Mainz.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mainz.de/medien/internet/downloads/Broschuere_Blick_auf_Mainzer_Frauen_WEB.pdf |title=Broschuere Blick auf Mainzer Frauen |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029171617/https://www.mainz.de/medien/internet/downloads/Broschuere_Blick_auf_Mainzer_Frauen_WEB.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Dagobert I]] (605/603–639) reinforced the walls of Mainz.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dumont |first=Stefan |title=Neumann: Militärbauverwaltungen |website=Festung Mainz |url=http://www.festung-mainz.de/fr/bibliothek/aufsaetze/festungsgeschichte/verwaltungen.html |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131050101/http://www.festung-mainz.de/fr/bibliothek/aufsaetze/festungsgeschichte/verwaltungen.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="De Gruyter-1897">{{cite book |title=Hessische Geschichte im Anschlusse an die deutsche und unter Berücksichtigung der Kulturgeschichte |chapter=II. Zeitalter der Merowinger und Karolinger. (486–911.) |publisher=De Gruyter |date=31 December 1897 |doi=10.1515/9783111654201-005 |pages=8–17 |isbn=978-3-11-165420-1}}</ref>

[[Charlemagne]] (768–814), through a succession of wars against other tribes, built a vast Frankish empire in Europe. Mainz from its central location became important to the empire and to Christianity.<ref name="Kaiser2020-2021">{{cite web |title=Sektion 1 |website=Kaiser2020 |date=11 February 2021 |url=https://www.kaiser2020online.de/de/sektion-1/ |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131051538/https://www.kaiser2020online.de/de/sektion-1/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Meanwhile, language change was gradually working to divide the Franks.
After the death of Charlemagne, distinctions between France and Germany began to be made.<ref name="Kaufmann-2015">{{cite web |last=Kaufmann |first=Sabine |title=Mittelalter: Karl der Große |website=Planet Wissen |date=2 November 2015 |url=https://www.planet-wissen.de/geschichte/mittelalter/karl_der_grosse/index.html |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131052911/https://www.planet-wissen.de/geschichte/mittelalter/karl_der_grosse/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag-1927">{{cite book |title=Die Zeit der Reichsgründungen (382–911) |chapter=Fünftes Kapitel. Der Wettstreit Zwischen Ostfranken Und Westfranken. (872–880.) |publisher=Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag |date=31 December 1927 |doi=10.1515/9783486752670-035 |pages=316–327 |isbn=978-3-486-75267-0}}</ref> The Rhine roughly formed the border of their territories, whereby the three important episcopal cities of Mainz, [[Worms, Germany|Worms]] and [[Speyer]] with their counties to the left of the Rhine were assigned to [[East Francia]].<ref name="Portal Rheinische Geschichte"/><ref name="Gengler-1849">{{cite book |last1=Gengler |first1=H.G.P. |last2=de Wall |first2=J. |title=Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte im Grundrisse |publisher=Palm |issue=Bd. 1 |year=1849 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZJRAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA95-IA1 |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |page=95-IA1 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164808/https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZJRAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA95-IA1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Christian Mainz===
{{See also|Free City of Mainz}}
In the early [[Middle Ages]], Mainz played a significant role in the [[Christianisation]] of the [[Germanic_Peoples|German]] and [[Slavic peoples]]. The first archbishop in Mainz, [[Boniface]], was killed in 754 while attempting to convert the [[Frisians]] to Christianity and is buried in [[Fulda]].<ref name="Sankt Bonifatius-2012">{{cite web |title=Mainz |website=Sankt Bonifatius |date=1 October 2012 |url=https://statues.vanderkrogt.net/object.php?webpage=ST&record=derp169 |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131055437/https://statues.vanderkrogt.net/object.php?webpage=ST&record=derp169 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[archbishopric]] of Mainz was established in 781 when Boniface's successor [[Lullus]] was granted the pallium by [[Pope Adrian I]].<ref name="Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS)">{{cite web |title=Lullus |website=Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS) |url=https://www.lagis-hessen.de/pnd/118575260 |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131060600/https://www.lagis-hessen.de/pnd/118575260 |url-status=live }}</ref> Throughout history, the Archbishops of Mainz held high positions, including serving as archchancellors of the Holy Roman Empire. Notably, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Mainz is unique as it is the only diocese in the world with an episcopal see called a [[Holy See]] (sancta sedes). 

[[Ibrahim ibn Yaqub]], a 10th-century Hispano-Arabic, [[Sephardic Jews|Sephardi Jewish]] traveler, writes the following about the city:

{{quote|Mainz [Maghānja] is a very large city, partly inhabited and partly cultivated fields. It is in the land of the Franks, on a river called the Rhine [Rīn]. Wheat, barley, rye, grapevines and fruit are plentiful.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ibn Faḍlān |first=Aḥmad |title=Ibn Fadlan and the Land of Darkness: Arab Travellers in the Far North |publisher=Penguin Classics |year=2012 |isbn=978-0140455076 |pages=145 |translator-last=Lunde |translator-first=Paul |translator-last2=Stone |translator-first2=Caroline}}</ref>}}

In 1244, Archbishop [[Siegfried III (Archbishop of Mainz)|Siegfried III]] granted Mainz a city charter, allowing the citizens to establish and elect a city council.<ref name="Institut für Mainzer Kirchengeschichte Bistum Mainz">{{cite web |title=50 1230–1249 Siegfried III. von Eppstein |website=Institut für Mainzer Kirchengeschichte Bistum Mainz |url=https://bistummainz.de/kunst-gebaeude-geschichte/kirchengeschichte/forschung/viten-mainzer-erz-bischoefe/mainzer-erzbischoefe-1198-bis-1381/50-12301249-siegfried-iii.-von-eppstein/ |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131061935/https://bistummainz.de/kunst-gebaeude-geschichte/kirchengeschichte/forschung/viten-mainzer-erz-bischoefe/mainzer-erzbischoefe-1198-bis-1381/50-12301249-siegfried-iii.-von-eppstein/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1461, a feud between two archbishops, [[Diether von Isenburg]] and [[Adolf II von Nassau]], caused unrest in the city. Following Archbishop Adolf's raid on Mainz in 1462, those who opposed him, including [[Johannes Gutenberg]], were either expelled or imprisoned. Ultimately, after the death of Archbishop Adolf II, Diether von Isenburg was reinstated as the Archbishop of Mainz, duly elected by the chapter and appointed by the Pope.<ref name="regionalgeschichte.net">{{cite web |title=Diether von Isenburg |website=regionalgeschichte.net |url=https://www.alte-uni-mainz.de/biographien-erzbischoefe/diether-von-isenburg.html |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131061757/https://www.alte-uni-mainz.de/biographien-erzbischoefe/diether-von-isenburg.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Early Jewish community===
[[File:Gebetsraum Synagoge Weisenau 01.jpg|thumb|Interior of the Weisenau Synagogue, built in the first half of the 18th century]]
The Jewish community of Mainz dates back to the 10th century CE. It is noted for its religious education. Rabbi [[Gershom ben Judah]] (960–1040) taught there, among others.<ref name="Ministry for Science, Further Education and Culture Rhineland-Palatinate-2020">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/document/181057 |title=ShUM Sites of Speyer, Worms, and Mainz: Nomination Dossier |publisher=Ministry for Science, Further Education and Culture Rhineland-Palatinate |date=2020 |access-date=8 October 2022 |archive-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143508/https://whc.unesco.org/document/181057 |url-status=live }}</ref> He concentrated on the study of the [[Talmud]], creating a German Jewish tradition. Mainz is also the legendary home of the martyred Rabbi [[Amnon of Mainz]], that the composition of the [[Unetanneh Tokef]] prayer is attributed to him.<ref name="Berger-2013">{{cite web |last=Berger |first=Michelle |title=Untaneh Tokef |website=Jüdische Allgemeine |date=2 September 2013 |url=https://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/religion/untaneh-tokef/ |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131062850/https://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/religion/untaneh-tokef/ |url-status=live }}</ref> From the late 12th century rabbis met in synods.<ref name="regionalgeschichte.net-2">{{cite web |title=Magenza |website=regionalgeschichte.net |url=https://www.regionalgeschichte.net/rheinhessen/mainz/einzelaspekte/magenza-die-geschichte-des-juedischen-mainz.html |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131063701/https://www.regionalgeschichte.net/rheinhessen/mainz/einzelaspekte/magenza-die-geschichte-des-juedischen-mainz.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The city of Mainz responded to the Jewish population in a variety of ways, behaving in a capricious manner towards them. Sometimes they were allowed freedom and were protected; at other times, they were persecuted. Jews were attacked in the [[Rhineland massacres|Rhineland massacres of 1096]] and by mobs in 1283.<ref name="regionalgeschichte.net-3">{{cite web |title=Mainz-Magenza |url=https://www.schum-staedte.info/die-schum-gemeinden/mainz-magenza.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131064413/https://www.schum-staedte.info/die-schum-gemeinden/mainz-magenza.html |archive-date=31 January 2023 |access-date=31 January 2023 |website=regionalgeschichte.net}}</ref> The Jews were expelled in 1438, 1462 (after which they were invited to return), and in 1470.<ref name="SchUM Städte e.V.">{{cite web |title=Mainz |website=SchUM Städte e.V. |url=https://schumstaedte.de/schum/mainz/ |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131064416/https://schumstaedte.de/schum/mainz/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Outbreaks of the [[Black Death]] were usually blamed on the Jews, at which times they were massacred, such as the murder of 6000 Jews in 1349.<ref name="Tuchman-2011">{{Cite book |last=Tuchman |first=Barbara Wertheim |title=A distant mirror |date=3 August 2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BmRoOIwLWhsC&pg=PT113 |access-date=27 August 2011 |publisher=Random House Digital, Inc. |isbn=978-0-307-29160-8 |page=113 |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823055337/https://books.google.com/books?id=BmRoOIwLWhsC&pg=PT113 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Outside of the medieval city centre, there is a Jewish cemetery, with over 1500 headstones dating from the 11th through the 19th centuries.<ref name="Ministry for Science, Further Education and Culture Rhineland-Palatinate-2020" /> The earliest known gravestone is date to 1062 or 1063, and these early gravestones resemble those found in Italy in the 8th–9th centuries.<ref name="Ministry for Science, Further Education and Culture Rhineland-Palatinate-2020" />

===Republic of Mainz===
{{Main|Republic of Mainz}}

During the [[French Revolution]], the French Revolutionary army occupied Mainz in 1792; the Archbishop-elector of Mainz, [[Friedrich Karl Josef von Erthal]], had already fled to [[Aschaffenburg]] by the time the French marched in. On 18 March 1793, the [[Jacobin Club|Jacobins]] of Mainz, with other German democrats from about 130 towns in the [[Palatinate region|Rhenish Palatinate]], proclaimed the '[[Republic of Mainz]]'. Led by [[Georg Forster]], representatives of the Mainz Republic in Paris requested political affiliation of the Mainz Republic with France, but too late: [[Prussia]] was not entirely happy with the idea of a democratic free state on German soil (although the French dominated Mainz was neither free nor democratic). Prussian troops had already occupied the area and besieged Mainz by the end of March 1793. After a [[Siege of Mainz (1793)|siege]] of 18 weeks, the French troops in Mainz surrendered on 23 July 1793; Prussians occupied the city and ended the Republic of Mainz. It came to the [[Battle of Mainz]] in 1795 between [[Habsburg monarchy|Austria]] and France. Members of the Mainz Jacobin Club were mistreated or imprisoned and punished for treason.<ref name="Dumont-2013">{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Franz |last2=Dumont |first2=Stefan |title=Die Mainzer Republik 1792/93 französischer Revolutionsexport und deutscher Demokratieversuch |publication-place=Mainz |date=2013 |isbn=978-3-9811001-3-6 |oclc=846966137 |language=de |page=60}}</ref>
[[File:Jeanbon2.jpg|thumb|left|Tombstone of [[Jean Bon Saint-André|Jeanbon Baron de St. André]], Prefect of Napoleonic Mainz]]
In 1797, the French returned. The army of [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] occupied the German territory to the west of the [[Rhine]], and the [[Treaty of Campo Formio]] awarded France this entire area, initially as the [[Cisrhenian Republic]]. On 17 February 1800, the French ''[[Mont-Tonnerre|Département du Mont-Tonnerre]]'' was founded here, with Mainz as its capital, the Rhine being the new eastern frontier of la Grande Nation. Austria and Prussia could not but approve this new border with France in 1801. However, after several defeats in Europe during the [[War of the Sixth Coalition]], the weakened Napoleon and his troops had to leave Mainz in May 1814.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jean-Denis G.G. Lepage |title=French Fortifications, 1715–1815: An Illustrated History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aeVAPShsbTMC&pg=PA244 |year=2009 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-5807-3 |page=244 |access-date=27 December 2015 |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823055343/https://books.google.com/books?id=aeVAPShsbTMC&pg=PA244 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Rhenish Hesse===
In 1816, the part of the former French Département which is known today as [[Rhenish Hesse]] ({{langx|de|link=no|Rheinhessen}}) was awarded to the [[Grand Duchy of Hesse|Hesse-Darmstadt]], Mainz being the capital of the new [[Hesse|Hessian]] province of Rhenish Hesse. From 1816 to 1866, a part of the [[German Confederation]], Mainz was the most important fortress in the defence against France, and had a strong garrison of [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]], Prussian and [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavaria]]n troops.<ref name="Dumont-2018">{{cite journal |last=Dumont |first=Stefan |title=Soldaten und Mainzerinnen in der Festung Mainz 1816‒1866 |journal=Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz |year=2018 |doi=10.25358/OPENSCIENCE-4435 |url=https://openscience.ub.uni-mainz.de/handle/20.500.12030/4437 |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |page= |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131070854/https://openscience.ub.uni-mainz.de/handle/20.500.12030/4437 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On the afternoon of 18 November 1857, a huge explosion rocked Mainz when the city's powder magazine, the ''Pulverturm'', exploded. Approximately 150 people were killed and at least 500 injured; 57 buildings were destroyed and a similar number severely damaged in what was to be known as the ''Powder Tower Explosion'' or ''Powder Explosion''.<ref name="Mathieux-1857">{{cite book |last=Mathieux |first=J.P. |title=Schilderung der Pulverexplosion zu Mainz am 18 November 1857, und die Verpflichtung Deutschlands diesem Unglücke gegenüber |year=1857 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HZlWAAAAcAAJ |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |page= |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164807/https://books.google.com/books?id=HZlWAAAAcAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Brockhaus-1857">{{cite book |title=Die Pulver-Explosion in Mainz |publisher=Brockhaus |series=Illustrirte Depeschen |year=1857 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=El9uswEACAAJ |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |page= |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164807/https://books.google.com/books?id=El9uswEACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gondlach-1932">{{cite book |last=Gondlach |first=C. |title=Zu den Erinnerungen an die Pulver-Explosion in Mainz |year=1932 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5Z7tAEACAAJ |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |page= |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164807/https://books.google.com/books?id=g5Z7tAEACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the [[Austro-Prussian War]] in 1866, Mainz was declared a neutral zone.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dumont |first=Stefan |title=Mainz als Reichsfestung 1870/71-1918 |website=Festung Mainz |url=http://www.festung-mainz.de/geschichte/reichsfestung.html |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130222836/http://www.festung-mainz.de/geschichte/reichsfestung.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bockenheimer-1907">{{cite book |last=Bockenheimer |first=K.G. |title=Mainz im Jahre 1866: von K. G. Bockenheimer |publisher=P. von Zabern |year=1907 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTMwAAAAYAAJ |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |page= |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164807/https://books.google.com/books?id=HTMwAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> After the founding of the [[German Empire]] in 1871, Mainz no longer was as important a stronghold, because in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] France had lost the territory of [[Alsace-Lorraine]] to Germany (which France had occupied bit by bit from 1630 to 1795), and this defined the new border between the two countries.<ref name="Büllesbach">{{cite web |last=Büllesbach |first=Rudolf |title=Festung Mainz- Fort Muhl bei Ebersheim |website=Festung Mainz |url=http://www.festung-mainz.de/festung/stuetzpunkt-auf-der-muhl.html |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131071948/http://www.festung-mainz.de/festung/stuetzpunkt-auf-der-muhl.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Industrial expansion===
[[File:Mainz BlickzumRhein 1890.jpg|thumb|Mainz towards the Rhine (around 1890)]]
For centuries the inhabitants of the [[Fortress Mainz|fortress of Mainz]] had suffered from a severe shortage of space which led to disease and other inconveniences. In 1872 Mayor [[Carl Wallau]] and the council of Mainz persuaded the military government to sign a contract to expand the city. Beginning in 1874, the city of Mainz assimilated the ''Gartenfeld'', an idyllic area of meadows and fields along the banks of the [[Rhine]] to the north of the rampart.<ref name="regionalgeschichte.net-4">{{cite web |title=Mainz im letzten Viertel des 19. Jahrhunderts – eine einzige Baustelle |website=regionalgeschichte.net |url=https://www.regionalgeschichte.net/bibliothek/aufsaetze/stumme-mainz-baustelle.html |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131112350/https://www.regionalgeschichte.net/bibliothek/aufsaetze/stumme-mainz-baustelle.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The city expansion more than doubled the urban area which allowed Mainz to participate in the [[industrial revolution]] which had previously avoided the city for decades.<ref name="regionalgeschichte.net-4" />

{{interlanguage link|Eduard Kreyßig|de}} was the man who made this happen.<ref name="regionalgeschichte.net-4" /> Having been the master-builder of the city of Mainz since 1865, Kreyßig had the vision for the new part of town, the ''Neustadt''.<ref name="regionalgeschichte.net-4" /> He also planned the first sewer system for the old part of town since Roman times and persuaded the city government to relocate the railway line from the Rhine side to the west end of the town. [[Mainz Hauptbahnhof|The main station]] was built from 1882 to 1884 according to the plans of {{interlanguage link|Philipp Johann Berdellé|de}}.<ref name="regionalgeschichte.net-5">{{cite web |title=Hauptbahnhof |website=regionalgeschichte.net |url=https://www.regionalgeschichte.net/rheinhessen/mainz/kulturdenkmaeler/hauptbahnhof.html |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131112837/https://www.regionalgeschichte.net/rheinhessen/mainz/kulturdenkmaeler/hauptbahnhof.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Mainz-Stadtplan1898.jpg|thumb|left|350px|Mainz including expansion zone the Rhine (1898)]]

Kreyßig constructed a number of state-of-the-art public buildings, including the Mainz town hall – which was the largest of its kind in Germany at that time – as well a synagogue,<ref name="Architekturinstitut der Hochschule Mainz-2018">{{cite web |title=Das jüdische Mainz |website=Architekturinstitut der Hochschule Mainz |date=13 July 2018 |url=https://architekturinstitut.hs-mainz.de/das-juedische-mainz/ |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130122804/https://architekturinstitut.hs-mainz.de/das-juedische-mainz/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the Rhine harbour and a number of public baths and school buildings.<ref name="Schug-2022">{{cite news |title=150 Jahre Mainzer Neustadt: Warteschlange gehört zum Lebensgefühl |website=FAZ.NET |date=23 September 2022 |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/rhein-main/region-und-hessen/150-jahre-alte-mainzer-neustadt-ist-das-beliebteste-wohnquartier-18336018.html |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |last1=Schug |first1=Markus |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131114652/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/rhein-main/region-und-hessen/150-jahre-alte-mainzer-neustadt-ist-das-beliebteste-wohnquartier-18336018.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Kreyßig's last work was [[Christuskirche, Mainz|Christ Church]] (''Christuskirche''), the largest Protestant church in the city and the first building constructed solely for the use of a Protestant congregation.<ref name="Objektansicht">{{cite web |title=Evangelische Christuskirche in Mainz-Neustadt |website=Objektansicht |url=https://www.kuladig.de/Objektansicht/O-118738-20150320-3 |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131120155/https://www.kuladig.de/Objektansicht/O-118738-20150320-3 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1905 the demolition of the entire circumvallation and the [[Rheingauwall]] was taken in hand, according to the imperial order of [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]].<ref name="Büllesbach-2014">{{cite book |last1=Büllesbach |first1=Rudolf |last2=Hollich |first2=Hiltrud |last3=Tautenhahn |first3=Elke |title=Bollwerk Mainz die Selzstellung in Rheinhessen |publisher=morisel |publication-place=München |date=2014 |isbn=978-3-943915-04-4 |oclc=889297859 |language=de |page=}}</ref>

===20th century===
During the [[German Revolution of 1918]] the [[Mainz Workers' and Soldiers' Council]] was formed which ran the city from 9 November until the arrival of French troops under the terms of the [[occupation of the Rhineland]] agreed in the [[Armistice]]. The French occupation was confirmed by the [[Treaty of Versailles]] which went into effect 28 June 1919. The [[Rhineland]] (in which Mainz is located) was to be a demilitarized zone until 1935 and the French garrison, representing the ''[[Triple Entente]]'', was to stay until reparations were paid.<ref name="Portal Rheinische Geschichte-2">{{cite web |title=Die Rheinlandbesetzung (1918–1930) |website=Portal Rheinische Geschichte |url=https://www.rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de/Epochen-und-Themen/Themen/die-rheinlandbesetzung-1918-1930/DE-2086/lido/57d133f17e43d1.98845861 |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131122935/https://www.rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de/Epochen-und-Themen/Themen/die-rheinlandbesetzung-1918-1930/DE-2086/lido/57d133f17e43d1.98845861 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1923 Mainz participated in the Rhineland separatist movement that proclaimed a [[Rhenish Republic]].<ref name="Mainz 1918–1930">{{cite web |title=regionalgeschichte.net |website=Mainz 1918–1930 |url=https://www.1914-1930-rlp.de/index.php?id=21134 |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131122706/https://www.1914-1930-rlp.de/index.php?id=21134 |url-status=live }}</ref> It collapsed in 1924.<ref name="Mainz 1918–1930" /> The French withdrew on 30 June 1930.<ref name="Mainz 1918–1930" /> [[Adolf Hitler]] became chancellor of Germany in January 1933 and his political opponents, especially those of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]], were either incarcerated or murdered.<ref name="Machtergreifung 1933">{{cite web |title=regionalgeschichte.net |website=Machtergreifung 1933 |url=https://www.mainz1933-1945.de/machtergreifung-1933.html |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131122706/https://www.mainz1933-1945.de/machtergreifung-1933.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Some were able to move away from Mainz in time.<ref name="Machtergreifung 1933" /> One was the political organizer for the SPD, [[Friedrich Kellner]], who went to [[Laubach]], where, as the chief justice inspector of the district court, he continued his opposition against the Nazis by recording their misdeeds in a 900-page [[My Opposition|diary]].<ref name="Lölhöffel-2011">{{cite web |last=Lölhöffel |first=Helmut |title=Neue Dokumente über die NS-Zeit – Was die Deutschen über die Verbrechen wissen konnten – Kultur |website=[[Süddeutsche.de]] |date=14 June 2011 |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/ns-zeit-verbrechen-waren-bekannt-aus-den-graeben-kamen-schreie-1.1108170 |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131122815/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/ns-zeit-verbrechen-waren-bekannt-aus-den-graeben-kamen-schreie-1.1108170 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kellner-2018">{{cite book |last=Kellner |first=Friedrich |editor-first1=Robert Scott |editor-last1=Kellner |title=My Opposition |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=25 January 2018 |isbn=978-1-108-28969-6 |doi=10.1017/9781108289696 |page=}}</ref>

In March 1933, a detachment from the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|National Socialist Party]] in [[Worms, Germany|Worms]] brought the party to Mainz. They hoisted the [[swastika]] on all public buildings and began to denounce the Jewish population in the newspapers. In 1936, the Nazis [[Remilitarization of the Rhineland|remilitarized the Rhineland]] with great fanfare, the first move of [[Nazi Germany]]'s meteoric expansion. The former Triple Entente took no action.<ref name="Portal Rheinische Geschichte-3">{{cite web |title=1933 bis 1945 – Nationalsozialismus und Zweiter Weltkrieg |website=Portal Rheinische Geschichte |url=https://rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de/Epochen-und-Themen/Epochen/1933-bis-1945---nationalsozialismus-und-zweiter-weltkrieg-/DE-2086/lido/57ab25d840b824.40615976 |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131122933/https://rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de/Epochen-und-Themen/Epochen/1933-bis-1945---nationalsozialismus-und-zweiter-weltkrieg-/DE-2086/lido/57ab25d840b824.40615976 |url-status=live }}</ref>

During World War II the citadel at Mainz hosted the [[Oflag XII-B]] prisoner of war camp.<ref name="regionalgeschichte.net-2006">{{cite web |title=Mainzer Zitadelle |website=regionalgeschichte.net |date=5 April 2006 |url=https://www.regionalgeschichte.net/rheinhessen/mainz/kulturdenkmaeler/zitadelle.html |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131122705/https://www.regionalgeschichte.net/rheinhessen/mainz/kulturdenkmaeler/zitadelle.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The city was also the location of four subcamps of the [[Hinzert concentration camp]], mostly for Luxembourgish, Polish, Dutch and Soviet prisoners, but also Belgian, French and Italian.<ref>{{cite book|last=Megargee|first=Geoffrey P.|year=2009|title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume I|publisher=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|pages=834–837|isbn=978-0-253-35328-3}}</ref>

{{anchor|Allied air attacks}}During World War II, several [[Bombing of Mainz in World War II|air raids]] destroyed about 80 per cent of the city's centre, including most of the historic buildings.<ref name="regionalgeschichte.net-6">{{cite web |title=Zerstörung und Aufbau in Mainz 1945–1948 |website=regionalgeschichte.net |url=https://www.regionalgeschichte.net/?id=7688 |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131124922/https://www.regionalgeschichte.net/?id=7688 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mainz was captured on 22 March 1945<ref name="regionalgeschichte.net-6" /> against uneven German resistance (staunch in some sectors and weak in other parts of the city) by the [[90th Infantry Division (United States)|90th Infantry Division]] under [[William A. McNulty]], a formation of the XII Corps under Third Army commanded by General [[George S. Patton]] Jr.<ref>Stanton, Shelby, ''World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946'', Stackpole Books (Revised Edition 2006), p. 164</ref>

From 1945 to 1949, the city was part of the [[French occupation zone in Germany|French zone of occupation]]. When the state of [[Rhineland-Palatinate]] was founded on 30 August 1946 by the commander of the French army on the French occupation zone [[Marie Pierre Kœnig]], Mainz became the capital of the new state.<ref>[http://www.landeshauptarchiv.de/fileadmin/blick/images/30.08.0.1.full.jpg original text of Kœnig's order No. 57] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928025606/http://www.landeshauptarchiv.de/fileadmin/blick/images/30.08.0.1.full.jpg |date=28 September 2011}}; as can be found on [http://www.landeshauptarchiv.de/index.php?id=329 Landeshauptarchiv Rheinland-Pfalz (main-archive of Rhineland-Palatinate)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524083053/http://www.landeshauptarchiv.de/index.php?id=329 |date=24 May 2011}}</ref> In 1962, the diarist, [[Friedrich Kellner]], returned to spend his last years in Mainz. His life in Mainz, and the impact of his [[My Opposition|writings]], is the subject of the Canadian documentary ''[[My Opposition: The Diaries of Friedrich Kellner]]''.<ref name="Levitt-2006">{{citation |last1=Levitt |first1=Fern |last2=Zipursky |first2=Arnie |author3=Abella Entertainment |author4=Chip Taylor Communications |title=Anti-Nazi : my opposition, the diaries of Friedrich Kellner |publisher=Chip Taylor Communications |publication-place=Derry, NH |year=2006 |oclc=186469537 |page=}}</ref>

Following the withdrawal of French forces from Mainz, the [[United States Army Europe]] occupied the military bases in Mainz. 

===Recent history===
Nowadays the Jewish community is growing rapidly, and a [[new synagogue Mainz|new synagogue]] by the architect [[Manuel Herz]] was constructed in 2010 on the site of the one destroyed by the Nazis on ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' in 1938.<ref name="Rheinhessen.de-2023">{{cite web |title=Neue Synagoge |website=Rheinhessen.de |date=2 January 2023 |url=https://www.rheinhessen.de/en/a-new-synagogue |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131065019/https://www.rheinhessen.de/en/a-new-synagogue |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BauNetz-2010">{{cite web |title=Licht der Diaspora – Synagoge von Manuel Herz in Mainz eingeweiht |website=BauNetz |date=3 September 2010 |url=https://www.baunetz.de/meldungen/Meldungen-Synagoge_von_Manuel_Herz_in_Mainz_eingeweiht_1297777.html |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131064904/https://www.baunetz.de/meldungen/Meldungen-Synagoge_von_Manuel_Herz_in_Mainz_eingeweiht_1297777.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="German-Architects">{{cite web |title=Synagogue Mainz Manuel Herz Architekten |website=German-Architects |url=https://www.german-architects.com/de/manuel-herz-architekten-basel/project/synagogue-mainz |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131064804/https://www.german-architects.com/de/manuel-herz-architekten-basel/project/synagogue-mainz |url-status=live }}</ref> {{as of|2021}}, the Jewish community Mainz has 985 members.<ref name="Zentralrat der Juden-2017">{{cite web |title=Gemeinden |website=Zentralrat der Juden |date=13 November 2017 |url=https://www.zentralratderjuden.de/vor-ort/gemeinden/projekt/juedische-gemeinde-mainz-kdoer/ |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131065545/https://www.zentralratderjuden.de/vor-ort/gemeinden/projekt/juedische-gemeinde-mainz-kdoer/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Today the [[United States Army Europe and Africa]] only occupies McCulley Barracks in Wackernheim and the [[Mainz Sand Dunes]] as training areas. Mainz is home to the headquarters of the ''Bundeswehr''{{'}}s ''{{interlanguage link|Landeskommando Rhineland-Palatinate|de|Landeskommando Rheinland-Pfalz}}'' and other units.<ref name="Bundeswehr-2022">{{cite web |title=Landeskommando Rheinland-Pfalz |website=Bundeswehr |date=22 September 2022 |url=https://www.bundeswehr.de/de/organisation/weitere-bmvg-dienststellen/territoriales-fuehrungskommando-der-bundeswehr/organisation/landeskommando-rheinland-pfalz |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202183308/https://www.bundeswehr.de/de/organisation/weitere-bmvg-dienststellen/territoriales-fuehrungskommando-der-bundeswehr/organisation/landeskommando-rheinland-pfalz |url-status=live }}</ref>