Editing Magna Carta (section)

===== Charters of the Welsh Princes =====
Magna Carta was the first document in which reference is made to English and Welsh law alongside one another, including the principle of the common acceptance of the lawful judgement of peers.

<u>Chapter 56:</u> The return of lands and liberties to Welshmen if those lands and liberties had been taken by English (and vice versa) without a law abiding judgement of their peers.

<u>Chapter 57:</u> The return of [[Gruffudd ap Llywelyn ap Iorwerth]], illegitimate son of [[Llywelyn ap Iorwerth]] (Llywelyn the Great) along with other Welsh hostages which were originally taken for "peace" and "good".<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/2015-parliament-in-the-making/2015-historic-anniversaries/magna-carta/magna-carta---wales-scotland-and-ireland/|title=Magna Carta: Wales, Scotland and Ireland|access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=J. Beverley |title=Magna Carta and the Charters of the Welsh Princes |journal=The English Historical Review |date=1984 |volume=XCIX |issue=CCCXCI |pages=344–362 |doi=10.1093/ehr/XCIX.CCCXCI.344 |issn = 0013-8266}}</ref>

{{hidden begin|title={{center|Lists of participants in 1215|style=border:solid 1px #aaa}}}}
======Counsellors named in Magna Carta======
The preamble to Magna Carta includes the names of the following 27 ecclesiastical and secular magnates who had counselled John to accept its terms. The names include some of the moderate reformers, notably Archbishop [[Stephen Langton]], and some of John's loyal supporters, such as [[William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke]]. They are listed here in the order in which they appear in the charter itself:<ref>{{cite web|title=Preface|url=http://magnacartaresearch.org/read/magna_carta_1215/Preface|publisher=Magna Carta Project|access-date=17 May 2015}}</ref>
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* [[Stephen Langton]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] and [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]]
* [[Henry de Loundres]], [[Archbishop of Dublin]]
* [[William of Sainte-Mère-Église]], [[Bishop of London]]
* [[Peter des Roches]], [[Bishop of Winchester]]
* [[Jocelin of Wells]], [[Bishop of Bath and Glastonbury]]
* [[Hugh of Wells]], [[Bishop of Lincoln]]
* [[Walter de Gray]], [[Bishop of Worcester]]
* [[William de Cornhill]], [[Bishop of Coventry]]
* [[Benedict of Sausetun]], [[Bishop of Rochester]]
* [[Pandulf Verraccio]], subdeacon and [[papal legate]] to England
* Aimery de Sainte-Maure, Master of the [[Knights Templar]] in England
* [[William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke]]
* [[William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury|William Longespée, Earl of Salisbury]]
* [[William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey|William de Warenne, Earl of Surrey]]
* [[William d'Aubigny, 3rd Earl of Arundel|William d'Aubigny, Earl of Arundel]]
* [[Alan of Galloway]], [[Constable of Scotland]]
* [[Warin FitzGerold]]
* [[Peter FitzHerbert]]
* [[Hubert de Burgh]], [[Seneschal]] of [[Poitou]]
* [[Hugh de Neville]]
* [[Matthew FitzHerbert]]
* [[Thomas Basset (died 1220)|Thomas Basset]]
* [[Alan Basset]]
* [[Philip d'Aubigny]]
* [[Robert of Ropsley]]
* [[John Marshal (Magna Carta counsellor)|John Marshal]]
* [[John FitzHugh]]
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======The Council of Twenty-Five Barons======
The names of the Twenty-Five Barons appointed under clause 61 to monitor John's future conduct are not given in the charter itself, but do appear in four early sources, all seemingly based on a contemporary listing: a late-13th-century collection of law tracts and statutes, a [[Reading Abbey]] manuscript now in [[Lambeth Palace Library]], and the {{lang|la|[[Chronica Majora]]}} and {{lang|la|Liber Additamentorum}} of [[Matthew Paris]].{{sfn|Holt|1992b|pp=478–480|ps=:the list in the collection of law tracts is at [[British Library]], [[Harleian Collection|Harley]] MS 746, fol. 64; the Reading Abbey list is at Lambeth Palace Library, MS 371, fol. 56v.}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Profiles of Magna Carta Sureties and Other Supporters |url=http://www.magnacharta.com/bomc/profiles-of-magna-charta-sureties-and-other-supporters/|publisher=Baronial Order of Magna Charta|access-date=17 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Magna Charta Barons at Runnymede|url=http://www.brookfieldpublishing.com/Barons/magna_charta_barons_at_runnymede.htm|publisher=Brookfield Ancestor Project|access-date=4 November 2014}}</ref> The process of appointment is not known, but the names were drawn almost exclusively from among John's more active opponents.<ref>{{ODNBweb |first=Matthew |last=Strickland |title=Enforcers of Magna Carta (act. 1215–1216) |year=2005 |edition=online |id=93691 }}</ref> They are listed here in the order in which they appear in the original sources:
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* [[Richard de Clare, 3rd Earl of Hertford|Richard de Clare]], [[Earl of Hertford]]
* [[William de Forz, 3rd Earl of Albemarle|William de Forz]], [[Earl of Albemarle]]
* [[Geoffrey FitzGeoffrey de Mandeville, 2nd Earl of Essex|Geoffrey de Mandeville]], [[Earl of Essex]] and [[Earl of Gloucester|Gloucester]]
* [[Saer de Quincy]], [[Earl of Winchester]]
* [[Henry de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford|Henry de Bohun]], [[Earl of Hereford]]
* [[Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk|Roger Bigod]], [[Earl of Norfolk]] and [[Earl of Suffolk|Suffolk]]
* [[Robert de Vere, 3rd Earl of Oxford|Robert de Vere]], [[Earl of Oxford]]
* [[William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke|William Marshal junior]]
* [[Robert Fitzwalter]], baron of [[Little Dunmow]]
* [[Gilbert de Clare, 5th Earl of Gloucester|Gilbert de Clare]], heir to the [[earldom of Hertford]]
* [[Eustace de Vesci]], Lord of [[Alnwick Castle]]
* [[Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk|Hugh Bigod]], heir to the Earldoms of [[Earl of Norfolk|Norfolk]] and [[Earl of Suffolk|Suffolk]]
* [[William de Mowbray]], Lord of [[Axholme]] Castle
* [[William Hardell]], [[List of Lord Mayors of London|Mayor]] of the [[City of London]]
* [[William de Lanvallei]], Lord of [[Walkern]]
* [[Robert de Ros (died 1227)|Robert de Ros]], Baron of [[Helmsley Castle|Helmsley]]
* [[John de Lacy, 2nd Earl of Lincoln|John de Lacy]], Constable of [[Chester]] and Lord of [[Pontefract Castle]]
* [[Richard de Percy]]
* [[John FitzRobert]] de Clavering, Lord of [[Warkworth Castle]]
* [[William Malet (Magna Carta baron)|William Malet]]
* [[Geoffrey de Saye]]
* [[Roger de Montbegon]], Lord of [[Hornby Castle, Lancashire]]{{efn|Roger de Montbegon is named in only one of the four early sources (BL, Harley MS 746, fol. 64); whereas the others name [[Roger de Mowbray (d. c. 1218)|Roger de Mowbray]]. However, Holt believes the Harley listing to be "the best", and the de Mowbray entries to be an error.}}
* [[William of Huntingfield]], [[Sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk]]
* [[Richard de Montfichet]]
* [[William d'Aubigny (rebel)|William d'Aubigny]], Lord of [[Belvoir Castle|Belvoir]]
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======Excommunicated rebels======
In September 1215, the papal commissioners in England—[[Pandulf Verraccio|Subdeacon Pandulf]], [[Peter des Roches]], [[Bishop of Winchester]], and Simon, Abbot of [[Reading Abbey|Reading]]—excommunicated the rebels, acting on instructions earlier received from Rome. A letter sent by the commissioners from [[Dover]] on 5 September to Archbishop Langton explicitly names nine senior rebel barons (all members of the Council of Twenty-Five), and six clerics numbered among the rebel ranks:{{sfn|Powicke|1929}}

'''Barons'''
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* [[Robert Fitzwalter]]
* [[Saer de Quincy]], [[Earl of Winchester]]
* [[Richard de Clare, 3rd Earl of Hertford|Richard de Clare]], [[Earl of Hertford]]
* [[Geoffrey FitzGeoffrey de Mandeville, 2nd Earl of Essex|Geoffrey de Mandeville]], [[Earl of Essex]] and [[Earl of Gloucester|Gloucester]]
* [[Eustace de Vesci]]
* [[Richard de Percy]]
* [[John de Lacy, 2nd Earl of Lincoln|John de Lacy]], Constable of [[Chester]]
* [[William d'Aubigny (rebel)|William d'Aubigny]]
* [[William de Mowbray]]
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'''Clerics'''
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* [[Giles de Braose]], [[Bishop of Hereford]]
* William, [[Archdeacon of Hereford]]
* Alexander the clerk (possibly Alexander of [[St Albans]])
* Osbert de [[River Somme|Samara]]
* John de Fereby
* Robert, chaplain to Robert Fitzwalter
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