Editing Lysosome (section)

== Pathogen entry ==
Lysosomes play a crucial role in defending the cell against pathogens such as viruses or bacteria. When a pathogen enters the cell, it is often enclosed in a phagosome which then fuses with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome where the hydrolytic enzymes break down the pathogen.<ref name="Bird Edgington-Mitchell Newton Eat, prey, love">{{cite journal |last1=Bird |first1=Lauren E |last2=Edgington-Mitchell |first2=Laura E |last3=Newton |first3=Hayley J |title=Eat, prey, love: Pathogen-mediated subversion of lysosomal biology |journal=Current Opinion in Immunology |date=August 2023 |volume=83 |pages=102344 |doi=10.1016/j.coi.2023.102344 |pmid=37245414 }}</ref><ref name="Sabatini Adesnik Christian de Duve"/> Lysosomes are a crucial part of innate immune system.<ref name="Bird Edgington-Mitchell Newton Eat, prey, love"/> Lysosomes also play a big role in adaptive immune system where fragments of pathogens that are broken down by phagolysosomes are sent to the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) and presented on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs). Which then activates helper T cells and then causes an adaptive immune response.<ref>{{cite book |title=InformedHealth.org [Internet] |date=14 August 2023 |publisher=Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG) |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279396/ |chapter=In brief: The innate and adaptive immune systems }}</ref>

When viruses enter the cell via endocytosis, they get degraded in lysosomes but then some viruses have evolved strategies to escape lysosomes. During degradation of viruses in the lysosome, the virus can escape the lysosome before complete degradation and spreading viral material into the cytoplasm which then spreads viral infection in the cell. So, lysosomes need to effectively degrade all the biomolecules, in other words, poor lysosomal activity results in higher viral infections by viruses such as HIV.<ref name="Sabatini Adesnik Christian de Duve"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wei |first1=Bangdong L. |last2=Denton |first2=Paul W. |last3=O'Neill |first3=Eduardo |last4=Luo |first4=Tianci |last5=Foster |first5=John L. |last6=Garcia |first6=J. Victor |title=Inhibition of Lysosome and Proteasome Function Enhances Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection |journal=Journal of Virology |date=May 2005 |volume=79 |issue=9 |pages=5705–5712 |doi=10.1128/jvi.79.9.5705-5712.2005 |pmc=1082736 |pmid=15827185 }}</ref>