Editing Luzon (section)

=== Spanish Colonial Era ===
{{Main article|History of the Philippines (1565–1898)}}
[[File:Ruson_people.webp|thumb|170x170px|Japanese depiction of Luzones in 1671.]][[File:万国来朝图 Philippines Luzon island (吕宋国) delegates in Peking in 1761.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Luzon island (吕宋国) delegates in [[Beijing]], [[China]], in [[Ten Thousand Nations Coming to Pay Tribute|''Wànguó láicháo tú'', 1761]]|left]]
In 1569, a Spanish expedition dispatched by [[Miguel López de Legazpi|Miguel Lopez de Legazpi]] led by Luis Enriquez de Guzman and Augustinian friar Alonso Jimenez first set foot in Albay. They arrived on the coastal settlement called [[Ibalon]] in present-day [[Magallanes, Sorsogon]] after exploring the islands of [[Masbate Island|Masbate]], [[Ticao Island|Ticao]] and [[Burias (island)|Burias]] and proceeded inland as far as present-day [[Camalig, Albay]].<ref name="Newson">{{Cite book |last=Newson |first=Linda A. |author-link=Linda Newson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LF_UgEGu0dEC |title=Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines |date=January 1, 2009 |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press|University of Hawai'i Press]] |isbn=9780824832728}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://albay.gov.ph/about/albayhistory/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125173326/http://albay.gov.ph/about/albayhistory/ |archive-date=November 25, 2015 |access-date=October 18, 2015 |website=Province of Albay}}</ref> The [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] arrival in the 16th century saw the incorporation of the Luções people and the breaking up of their kingdoms and the establishment of the [[Spanish East Indies|''Las Islas Filipinas'']] with its capital [[Cebu]], which was moved to [[Manila]] following the defeat of the local [[Rajah Sulayman]] in 1570. [[Martín de Goiti]], having been dispatched by Legazpi to Luzon, conquered [[Maynila (historical polity)|Maynila]]. Legazpi followed with a larger fleet comprising both Spanish and a majority [[Visayans|Visayan]] force,<ref name="halili2004">{{cite book |last=Halili |first=Maria Christine N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC |title=Philippine History |publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc. |year=2004 |isbn=978-971-23-3934-9 |location=Manila}}</ref>{{rp|1=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA79 79-80]}} taking a month to bring these forces to bear due to slow speed of local ships.<ref>{{Harvnb|Newson|2009|p=20}}.</ref> This large force caused the surrender of neighboring [[Tondo (historical polity)|Tondo]]. An attempt by some local leaders, known as the [[Tondo Conspiracy]], to defeat the Spanish was repelled.  [[File:Huang Qing Zhigong Tu - 041.jpg|thumb|345x345px|Depiction of the Luzon people in 1700s from the Chinese book [[Huang Qing Zhigong Tu]]. The Chinese called them Lu Song whom they recognized as a prosperous and powerful "kingdom" under the Spanish Empire.]]Legazpi renamed Maynila ''Nueva Castilla'', and declared it the capital of the Philippines,<ref name="halili2004" />{{rp|1=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA80 80]}} and thus of the rest of the [[Spanish East Indies]],<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Fernando A. Santiago Jr. |year=2006 |title=Isang Maikling Kasaysayan ng Pandacan, Maynila 1589–1898 |url=https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=7887 |journal=Malay |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=70–87 |access-date=July 18, 2008}}</ref> which also encompassed Spanish territories in [[Asia]] and the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Manuel L. Quezon III |date=June 12, 2017 |title=The Philippines Isn't What It Used to Be |url=http://www.spot.ph/newsfeatures/the-latest-news-features/70433/philippine-map-palau-a1507-20170612-lfrm3 |access-date=October 24, 2020 |website=SPOT.PH}}</ref><ref name="Andrade">{{cite book |last=Andrade |first=Tonio |author1-link=Tonio Andrade |url=http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/ |title=How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish and Han colonialization in the Seventeenth Century |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2005 |chapter=La Isla Hermosa: The Rise of the Spanish Colony in Northern Taiwan |chapter-url=http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade04.html}}</ref> Legazpi became the country's first governor-general. Under Spain, Luzon also came to be known as the '''''Nueva Castilla''''' or the '''New Castile'''. The population of Luzon at the time of the first Spanish missions is estimated as between 1 and 1.5 million, overall density being low.<ref>{{Harvnb|Newson|2009|p=4}}.</ref> Moros from western Mindanao and the [[Sulu Archipelago]] also raided the coastal Christian areas of Luzon and the Visayas. Settlers had to fight off the [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] pirates (who lay siege to Manila, the most famous of which was [[Limahong]] in 1573).[[File:Man of the Island of Luzon 1820 by John Crawfurd.jpg|thumb|292x292px|Man of the Island of Luzon 1820 by John Crawfurd]]after the successful expedition and the exploration of the North, Juan de Salcedo founded "Villa Fernandina de Vigan" in honor of King Philip II's son, Prince Ferdinand, who died at the age of four. From Vigan, Salcedo rounded the tip of Luzón and proceeded to pacify [[Camarines]], [[Albay]], and [[Catanduanes]]. As a reward for his services to the [[King of Spain]], Salcedo was awarded the [[Ilocos|old province of Ilocos]], which consisted of the modern provinces of [[Ilocos Norte]], Ilocos Sur, [[Abra (province)|Abra]], [[La Union]] and part of [[Mountain Province]] as his [[hacienda]] (estate), and was accorded the title of ''Justicia Mayor de esta Provincia de Ylocos'' (Province Mayor of Ilocos).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COSEDwAAQBAJ |title=LEAGUE Magazine, September-October 2017 Issue: The Local Government Unit Magazine |date=2017-09-01 |publisher=The League Publishing Company, Inc. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6BpwAAAAMAAJ&q=Province+Mayor+of+Ilocos+juan+salcedo |title=Centennial Commemorative Lectures, 1998 |date=1998 |publisher=The Committee |language=en}}</ref>

In Spanish times, Luzon became the focal point for trade between the Americas and Asia. The [[Manila Galleons]] constructed in the [[Bicol region]] brought [[silver]] mined from [[Viceroyalty of Peru|Peru]] and [[New Spain|Mexico]] to Manila. The silver was used to purchase Asian commercial goods like Chinese [[silk]], Indian [[gems]] and Indonesian [[spices]], which were then exported back to the Americas. The Chinese valued Luzon so much, in that when talking about Spain and the 
[[File:La Independencia staff.jpg|thumb|328x328px|La Independencia staff from [[Manila (province)|Manila]]]]
Spanish-Americas, they preferred to call it as "Dao Lusong" (Greater Luzon) while the original Luzon was referred to as "Xiao (Small) Lusong" to refer to not only Luzon but the whole Philippines.<ref>Chinese in Mexico by Chao Romero, pages 203 to 205</ref>



Luzon also became a focal point for global migration. The walled city of [[Intramuros]] was initially founded by 1200 Spanish families.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barrows |first=David P. |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38269/38269-h/38269-h.htm#pb139 |title=A History of the Philippines |date=1905 |publisher=American Book Company |location=New York |page=179 |quote=Within the walls, there were some six hundred houses of a private nature, most of them built of stone and tile, and an equal number outside in the suburbs, or "arrabales," all occupied by Spaniards ("todos son vivienda y poblacion de los Españoles"). This gives some twelve hundred Spanish families or establishments, exclusive of the religious, who in Manila numbered at least one hundred and fifty, the garrison, at certain times, about four hundred trained Spanish soldiers who had seen service in Holland and the Low Countries, and the official classes. |via=Guttenburg |access-date=October 12, 2018 |archive-date=February 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208005625/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38269/38269-h/38269-h.htm#pb139 |url-status=live }}</ref> The nearby district of [[Binondo]] became the center of business and transformed into the world's oldest [[Chinatown]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=See |first=Stanley Baldwin O. |date=November 17, 2014 |title=Binondo: New Discoveries in the World's Oldest Chinatown |language=en |work=GMA News Online |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/388446/lifestyle/food/binondo-new-discoveries-in-the-world-s-oldest-chinatown |access-date=October 12, 2018 |archive-date=August 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818010657/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/food/388446/binondo-new-discoveries-in-the-world-s-oldest-chinatown/story/ |url-status=live }}</ref> There was also a smaller district [[Japanese diaspora|reserved for Japanese migrants]] in [[Dilao]]. [[Cavite City]] also served as the main port for Luzon and [[Emigration from Mexico|many Mexican]] soldiers and sailors were stationed in the naval garrisons there.<ref>Galaup "Travel Accounts" page 375.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehl |first=Eva Maria |title=Forced Migration in the Spanish Pacific World: From Mexico to the Philippines, 1765–1811 |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-316-48012-0 |location=Cambridge |page=235 |language=en |doi=10.1017/cbo9781316480120}}</ref> When the Spanish evacuated from [[Sultanate of Ternate|Ternate]], Indonesia; they settled the [[Papuan languages|Papuan]] refugees in [[Ternate, Cavite]] which was named after their evacuated homeland. After the short [[British Occupation of Manila]], the Indian [[Sepoy]] soldiers that mutinied against their British commanders and joined the Spanish, then settled in [[Cainta, Rizal]].

Newcomers who were impoverished Mexicans and peninsulares were accused of undermining the submission of the natives. In 1774, authorities from Bulacan, Tondo, Laguna Bay, and other areas surrounding Manila reported with consternation that discharged soldiers and deserters (from Mexico, Spain and Peru) were providing Indios military training for the weapons that had been disseminated all over the territory during the British war.<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/36911506/Eva_Maria_Mehl_Forced_migration_in_the_Spanish_pacific_world_From_Mexico_to_the_Philippines_1765-1811?auto=download "Eva Maria Mehl: Forced migration in the Spanish pacific world: From Mexico to the Philippines, 1765–1811" Page 100.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516010924/https://www.academia.edu/36911506/Eva_Maria_Mehl_Forced_migration_in_the_Spanish_pacific_world_From_Mexico_to_the_Philippines_1765-1811?auto=download |date=May 16, 2022 }} From the original Spanish language source in the archives of Mexico: "CSIC ser. Consultas riel 208 leg.14 (1774)"</ref> There was also continuous immigration of [[Tamils]] and [[Bengalis]] into the rural areas of Luzon: Spanish administrators, native nobles, and Chinese businessmen imported them as [[Slavery in Asia|slave labor]] during this period.<ref>[https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/333213/azu_etd_13473_sip1_m.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&title=repository.arizona.edu Peasants, Servants, and Sojourners: Itinerant Asians in Colonial New Spain, 1571–1720 By Furlong, Matthew J.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429034134/https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/333213/azu_etd_13473_sip1_m.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&title=repository.arizona.edu |date=April 29, 2022 }} "Slaves purchased by the indigenous elites, Spanish and Hokkiens of the colony seemed drawn most often from South Asia, particularly Bengal and South India, and less so, from other sources, such as East Africa, Brunei, Makassar, and Java..." Chapter 2 "Rural Ethnic Diversity" Page 164 Translated from: "Inmaculada Alva Rodríguez, Vida municipal en Manila (siglos xvi–xvii) (Córdoba: Universidad de Córdoba, 1997), 31, 35–36."</ref>

In the 1600s, Fr. Joaqin Martinez de Zuñiga, conducted a census of the Archdiocese of Manila which held most of Luzon under its spiritual care, and it had the following number of tributes, with each tribute representing a family of 6-7, and he reported 90,243 native Filipino tributes;<ref name="Estadismo1" />{{rp|539}} 10,512 Chinese (Sangley) and mixed Chinese Filipino mestizo tributes;<ref name="Estadismo1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/zu%C3%B1igaIocrpdf.pdf |title=ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO PRIMERO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish) |access-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-date=March 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309030040/http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/zu%C3%B1igaIocrpdf.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|537}} and 10,517 mixed [[Spanish Filipinos|Spanish Filipino]] mestizo tributes.<ref name="Estadismo1" />{{rp|539}} Pure Spaniards are not counted as they are exempt from tribute. Out of these, Fr. Joaqin Martinez de Zuñiga estimated a total population count exceeding half a million souls.<ref name="Estadismo1" />{{rp|537}}

People from the Philippines, primarily from Luzon, were recruited by [[French colonial empire|France]] (then in alliance with [[Spain]]), first to defend Indo-Chinese [[Conversion to Christianity|converts]] to [[Christianity in Asia|Christianity]] being persecuted by their native governments. Eventually, Filipino mercenaries helped the French [[French Indochina|conquer]] Vietnam and Laos and to re-establish Cambodia as a French Protectorate. This process culminated in the establishment of [[French Cochinchina]], centered in [[Saigon]].<ref name="nigelgooding.co.uk">{{Citation
|url=http://www.nigelgooding.co.uk/Spanish/Cochinchina/cochinchina.htm
|title=Filipino Involvement in the French-Spanish Campaign in Indochina
|author=Nigel Gooding
|access-date=2008-07-04
|archive-date=August 3, 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803120742/http://www.nigelgooding.co.uk/Spanish/Cochinchina/cochinchina.htm
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

A great number of infrastructure projects were undertaken during the 19th century that put the Philippine economy and standard of living ahead of most of its Asian neighbors and even many European countries at that time. Among them were a [[Philippine National Railways|railway system]] for Luzon, a tramcar network for Manila, and Asia's first steel suspension bridge Puente Claveria, later called [[Puente Colgante (Manila)|Puente Colgante]].<ref name="Borja">{{cite book |author=De Borja |first=Marciano R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXpiujH2uOwC&pg=PA132 |title=Basques in the Philippines |publisher=University of Nevada Press |year=2005 |isbn=9780874175905 |location=Reno |page=132}}</ref>