Editing Luís de Camões (section)

==Appearance, character, loves and iconography==
The testimonies of his contemporaries describe him as a man of average size, with reddish blond hair, blind in his right eye, skilled in all physical exercises and with a temperamental disposition, having little difficulty in engaging in fights. It is said that he had great value as a soldier, exhibiting courage, combativeness, a sense of honor and willingness to serve, a good companion in his spare time, liberal, cheerful and witty when the blows of fortune did not overwhelm his spirit and sadden him. He was aware of his merit as a man, as a soldier and as a poet.<ref name="Camões: l'œuvre épique & lyrique">{{cite book |last1=Gentil |first1=Georges Le |title=Camões: l'œuvre épique & lyrique |year=1995 |publisher=Editions Chandeigne |isbn=978-2-906462-16-8 |pages=33–35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApgtGMkV_DEC&q=cam%C3%B5es&pg=PP1 |language=fr}}</ref>

All efforts made to discover the definitive identity of his [[muse]] were in vain and several contradictory proposals were made about alleged women present in his life. Camões himself suggested, in one of his poems, that there were several muses to inspire him, when he said "in various flames it was often burning".<ref name="Encyclopædia">{{cite web |title=Luís de Camões |date=6 June 2023 |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Luis-de-Camoes |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> The names of ladies supposed to have been his loved ones that appear in his poems are always used generically, and can therefore be ideal figures; no mention of any ladies identifiable by name is given in the poet's first biographies, those of Pedro de Mariz and that of Severim de Faria, who only collected rumors about "some loves in Paço da Rainha (the Queen’s Household)”. Reference to Catarina de Ataíde only appeared in the edition of Rimas de Faria e Sousa, in the middle of the 17th century and to the Infanta on José Maria Rodrigues, which was only published in the early 20th century. The celebrated [[Dynamene|Dinamene]] also appears to be a poetic image rather than a real person.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aguiar e Silva (from Camões) |first1=Vítor Manuel de |title=Rimas, Volume 1598, Parte 1. |date=1953 |publisher=UC Biblioteca Geral 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5E6KJh5Svj8C&q=camoes |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Ribeiro proposed several alternatives to explain it: the name might have been a [[cryptonym]] of Dona Joana Meneses (DIna = D.Ioana + Mene), one of his possible loves, who died on the way to [[the Indies]] and was buried in the sea, daughter of Violante, countess of Linhares, whom he would also have loved in Portugal, and pointed out the occurrence of the name Dinamene in poems written probably around the arrival in India, before proceeding to China, where it is said that he would have found the girl. He also referred to the opinion of researchers who claim the mention of Couto, the only primitive reference to the Chinese outside of the Camonian work itself, to have been falsified, being introduced ''a posteriori'', with the possibility that it is even a spelling error, a corruption of "dignamente" ("worthily"). In the final version of Couto's manuscript, the name would not even have been cited, even though proving it is difficult with the disappearance of the manuscript.<ref name="Camões nas partes da China"/>

[[File:Camoes - retrato de goa 2b.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The portrait painted in Goa, 1581]]
Probably executed between 1573 and 1575, the so-called "portrait painted in red", illustrated at the opening of the article, is considered by [[Vasco Graça Moura]] as "the only and precious reliable document we have to know the features of the epic, portrayed in life by a professional painter ".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moura |first1=Vasco Graça |title=O retrato pintado a vermelho |journal=Revista Oceanos |date=1989 |volume=(1):18}}</ref> What is known of this portrait is a copy, made at the request of the 3rd [[Duke of Lafões]], executed by Luís José Pereira de Resende between 1819 and 1844, from the original that was found in a green silk bag in the rubble of the fire at the palace of the [[Count of Ericeira|Counts of Ericeira]], which has since disappeared. It is a "very faithful copy" that:

{{blockquote|[D]ue to the restricted dimensions of the drawing, the texture of the blood, creating spots of distribution of values, the rigor of the contours and the definition of the contrasted planes, the reticulated neutral that harmonizes the background and highlights the bust of the portrait, the type of the wrap around limits from which the enlightening signature runs down, in short, the symbolic apparatus of the image, captured in the pose of a graphic book illustration, was intended for the opening of an engraving on a copper plate, to illustrate one of the first editions of [[The Lusiads]]...<ref>{{cite book |last1=Serrão |first1=Vítor |title=Fernão Gomes, Pintor maneirista de bravo talento |date=1989 |publisher=Revista Oceanos (1):27}}</ref>}}

Also surviving is a miniature painted in India in 1581, by order of Fernão Teles de Meneses and offered to the viceroy D. Luís de Ataíde, who, according to testimonies of the time, was very similar to him in appearance.<ref name="Camões: l'œuvre épique & lyrique"/> Another portrait was found in the 1970s by Maria Antonieta de Azevedo, dated 1556 and showing the poet in prison.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ribeiro |first1=Eduardo Alberto Correia |title=Camões nas partes da China |pages=3–7 |date=2008 |publisher=Revista Labirintos |url=http://www.uefs.br/nep/labirintos/edicoes/01_2008/01_2008.htm}}</ref> The first medal with its [[effigy]] appeared in 1782, ordered to mint by the Baron of Dillon in England, where Camões is crowned with laurels and dressed in coat of arms, with the inscription "Apollo Portuguez / Honor de Hespanha / Nasceo 1524 / Morreo 1579". In 1793, a reproduction of this medal was coined in Portugal, by order of Tomás José de Aquino, Librarian of the [[Censorship in Portugal#Royal Censorial Court|Real Mesa Censória]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fernandes |first1=Manuel Bernardo Lopes |title=Memoria das medalhas e condecorações portuguezas e das estrangeiras com relação a Portugal |year=1861 |publisher=Typ. da mesma academia |page=50 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAAXAAAAYAAJ&q=Ana+de+S%C3%A1+Macedo+%22vasco+da+gama%22&pg=PA48 |language=pt-BR}}</ref>

Over the centuries the image of Camões was represented numerous times in engraving, painting and sculpture, by Portuguese and foreign artists, and several monuments were erected in his honor,<ref name="Teófilo">{{cite book |last1=Braga |first1=Teófilo |title=Bibliographia Camoniana |date=May 2009 |publisher=BiblioBazaar |isbn=978-1-110-13184-6 |pages=235–247 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2HR3WHjqdUC&q=%22est%C3%A1tua+de+camoes%22&pg=PA240 |language=pt}}</ref> notably the great [[Camões Monument|Monument to Camões]] installed in 1867 in [[Praça de Luís de Camões]], in Lisbon, by [[Victor Bastos]], which is the center of official public ceremonies and popular demonstrations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Estátua de Camões |url=https://lifecooler.com/portugal/patrimonio/EstatuadeCamoes |publisher=Lifecooler |access-date=2021-02-24 |archive-date=2013-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603114942/http://www.lifecooler.com/portugal/patrimonio/EstatuadeCamoes |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Guebuza: Official Visit to Portugal |url=https://www.voanews.com/portuguese/news/a-38-2010-04-29-voa1-92516724.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530154615/http://www1.voanews.com/portuguese/news/a-38-2010-04-29-voa1-92516724.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 30, 2010 |publisher=[[VOANews]]}}</ref> He was also honored in musical compositions, appeared with his effigy on medals,<ref name="Teófilo" /> currency notes,<ref>{{cite web |title=Cédulas Estrangeiras: África: Angola |url=http://www.dplnumismatica.com.br/moneyafrica.html |publisher=DPL Numismática}}</ref> stamps<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kullberg |first1=Carlos |title=Selos de Portugal: Álbum A |url=https://www.caleida.pt/filatelia/fp/ebook/bfd016_p.pdf |publisher=Húmus, 2007, s/pp. |access-date=2021-02-24 |archive-date=2023-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025350/https://www.caleida.pt/filatelia/fp/ebook/bfd016_p.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and coins,<ref>{{cite web |title=Escultor escolhe Pessoa e Camões para moeda de 2,5 euros que hoje entra em circulação |url=https://expresso.pt/feeds/lusa/lusaactualidade/escultor-escolhe-pessoa-e-camoes-para-moeda-de-25-euros-que-hoje-entra-em-circulacao=f516890 |publisher=[[Expresso (newspaper)|Expresso]] |access-date=24 February 2021 |archive-date=11 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611203658/https://expresso.pt/feeds/lusa/lusaactualidade/escultor-escolhe-pessoa-e-camoes-para-moeda-de-25-euros-que-hoje-entra-em-circulacao=f516890 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and as a character in novels, poetry and plays.<ref name="Jesus">{{cite journal |last1=Jesus |first1=Virgínia Maria Antunes de |title=As Traduções de Camões no Século XX |journal=Anais do III Congresso Ibero-Americano de Tradução e Interpretação |date=2004 |pages=1–8}}</ref> The film [[Camões (film)|Camões]], directed by [[José Leitão de Barros]], was the first Portuguese film to participate in the [[Cannes Film Festival]], in 1946.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pina |first1=Luís de |title=Camões, de Leitão de Barros |journal=Ed. Europa-América: História do Cinema Português |date=1986}}</ref> Among the famous artists who took him as a model for his works are [[Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro|Bordalo Pinheiro]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Amaral |first1=Manuel |title=Camões, Luís Vaz de |journal=Portugal - Dicionário Histórico, Corográfico, Heráldico, Biográfico, Bibliográfico, Numismático e Artístico |date=1904–1915 |volume=II |pages=667–669}}</ref> [[José Simões de Almeida (tio)|José Simões de Almeida]],<ref>{{cite web |title=José Simões de Almeida Júnior (tio) |url=http://simoesdealmeida.arteblog.com.br/239516/Jose-Simoes-de-Almeida-Junior-Tio/ |publisher=Dropz Galeria }}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Francisco Augusto Metrass]], [[António Soares dos Reis]], [[Horace Vernet]], [[José Malhoa]], [[Vieira Portuense]],<ref name="Teófilo" /> [[Domingos Sequeira]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=França |first1=José-Augusto |title=A Arte Portuguesa de Oitocentos |journal=Instituto de Cultura e Língua Portuguesa |date=1992 |page=24}}</ref> and [[Lagoa Henriques]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Artes Plásticas |url=http://www.ctalmada.pt/festivais/2007/exposicoes.shtml |publisher=Festival de Almada |access-date=2021-02-24 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304174315/http://www.ctalmada.pt/festivais/2007/exposicoes.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Camões (crater)|A crater]] on the planet Mercury and [[5160 Camoes|an asteroid]] in the main belt were named after him.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lakdawalla |first1=Emily |title=Mercury (2008): New Details in Images of Mercury, Tethys, and Dione Require New Names |url=https://www.planetary.org/news/2008/0429_New_Details_in_Images_of_Mercury.html |publisher=[[The Planetary Society]] |access-date=2021-02-24 |archive-date=2012-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220052824/http://www.planetary.org/news/2008/0429_New_Details_in_Images_of_Mercury.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=5160 Camoes (1979 YO) |url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=5160 |publisher=[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] Small-Body Database Browser, [[California Institute of Technology]] / [[NASA]] |access-date=24 February 2021}}</ref>